WEBVTT

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Good morning, everyone.

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I hope you are ready for another
very good session.

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We have several speakers, so we will
do our best to keep up track of time.

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Without further ado,

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I welcome Markus Heidorfer.

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I'm sorry, I will have lots of
difficulties in pronunciating

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well the names.

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And good morning to everybody.

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Now, I hope...

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Thank you very much.

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The
theme, the title of my presentation today

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here is Planning the Metropolis,

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Lessons from Venice.

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Just a word before because
usually when you're talking about

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experience is made somewhere in some
spatial context, in some

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region, city, or whatever.

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Usually, you talk about best practices

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or experiences from which you

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can learn a lot of things.

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You can take them home with you.

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You can apply them, reapply them
to your own reality and so on.

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But often when the word lessons is used,
not always, because also yesterday during

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other presentations, other
speech Which is the word lessons was

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used in an absolute positive meaning.

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But often, I must say,
when you use the word lessons,

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its meaning is that, yes,
we have learned something and we have

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learned how not to do things,
so to change things the next time.

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This is a bit such a presentation because

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I am convinced that in Venice,

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but not only in Venice, it's in Italy.

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It's due to the general

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context of metropolises,

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of Metropolitan areas in Italy,
that there are many

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critical points we must keep in mind.

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In this presentation, this is just an
outlook about what will be.

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Some maps since we are planners, or
at least we are all people who

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know how to look at maps, who like maps.

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Usually, it's probably very It's easy
to communicate looking at maps, and I

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like maps, so I present you some maps.

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Then I will also talk about some
experiences, mainly from Germany.

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One experience from an international,

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from a three-national metropolitan region.

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Then talk about some
experiences of planning experiences

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from that, let's say, have issues because

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of the difficult, complicated settings

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for planning at the Metropolitan level.

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I hope I won't do...

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Okay.
First of all, a well-known map of Venice.

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I think everybody...

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I don't know if everybody was...

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Just a question.

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Who has already been
at least once in Venice?

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Just to know.

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Yeah, it's the great majority,
so I expected this.

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This is a map you usually already know.

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This is the This is old Venice.

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We are also much discussing about
how to call this part of the city.

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I say this part of the city because then
we see that they are the parts

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of the city that often people don't know.

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This is old Venice.

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Someone says old Venice, the old town or
the ancient town, the historical center.

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There are so many

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words, terms to describe this part of the

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city or the lagoon city, the water city.

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There are so many different
expressions to say this.

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Well, this is what...

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Then you have the key map
on the on the right side there.

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For sure, you can't see it.

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There's a very small red rectangle there
which is indicating the window

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of the big map here.

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If you look at it at the computer and you
go very close to it,

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then you can see something.

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But on the next two maps, this rectangle,
this area will increase, will get bigger.

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Well, this part of the city,
the area you see here, had important

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figures in the past as inhabitants.

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As you see here on the right,
you see the years and the inhabitants.

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In 1338, it had 133,000 inhabitants, and

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it grew in 1430 up to 190,000 inhabitants.

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That's a lot.

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That's And indeed, Venice at that time was
one of the leading cities in Europe,

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in the world, in the then known world.

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We, at least with our European point
of view, the world we knew at that time.

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So at that time, it was without any doubt
a metropolis and questions like the one

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Susanna yesterday
asked about Bratislava could

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clearly answer, yes, it is a metropolis.

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It is a very important metropolis.

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It was a global city at that time
with many people from many countries

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coming there, living there, and
exchanging, making commerce, and so on.

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It was a very interesting
and open-minded city at that time.

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Then you see that across the centuries,
the population, well, for many centuries,

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it was more or less there.

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Then there are a crisis,
then it retake and so on.

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It reached once again a

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top position in 1951.

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This was with 170,000 inhabitants.

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So 170,000 inhabitants, only this...

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I don't know where is that to indicate.

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Is this one to indicate?
Yes.

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So 175,000 5,000 inhabitants,
only this part.

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And someone,
after a book that had been written

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some years ago, they call it the fish
because it is something like

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fish-shaped, this area.

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So this was 170,000 inhabitants in 1951.

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And today, 2023, I don't know, 2024,

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maybe it's the same, only 49,000.

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So It went much down.

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This is also one of the problems the
people who still live in this part

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of the city are
talking about and they want to have

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many inhabitants back to this
historical part of the city.

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Well, it's also a problem because they
say, Yeah, in the '50s or in the '70s,

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we had more than 100,000 and inhabitants,
and we want these times come back

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because it was an interesting city.

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But they often don't consider
that the living conditions

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at that time were horrible.

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If you apply,
I have made

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a few years ago these calculations,
if you apply the living standards,

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the nowadays living standards,
to what the old town, old Venice,

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can give without building new houses,
it's nearly impossible to grow

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above 70,000 inhabitants.

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At least even if you change all of the
hotels back to residences and so on.

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So 70,000 is more or less the highest
possible number of inhabitants you can

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have with nowadays living standards.

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So let's go on from a well-known map to

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the contemporary city.

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The contemporary city, well, you
still see here our fish.

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This is Murano.

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Many of you may know what Murano is
with the glass, Murano glass and so on.

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Here is the Lido Island.
This is the Fish.

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This is the contemporary city that
grew starting from...

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We just celebrated 100 years

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of Here we have the industrial zone.

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Here we have a huge industrial zone.

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It grow up in two phases, more or less,
with an important port area,

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chemical industries.

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Here Now we have logistics
facilities and so on.

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Here, this is Marghera, this area here.

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This is the only really planned
part of the mainland city.

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It is conceived as a garden city.
It's very interesting.

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Now, well, today it has lost some of its
characteristics of a garden city,

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but it was conceived.

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At that time it was conceived and it was
built from scratch There

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are from in a few years.

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There are also many interesting photos.

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If I had more time to prepare this
presentation,

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it was certainly interesting to show you.

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This is the contemporary city.

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Usually, we refer to the contemporary
city with the name Maestre.

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Maestre was just 100 years ago.

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It was just a small commercial town
that belonged to Venice.

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But as the nearest
town to the new industrial zone,

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it grew very quickly, above all after

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the Second World War and without any It

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was a really chaotic urban development.

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It become an important
agglomeration in the area.

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It was because it's no longer the largest

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city in the Veneto region, but it was.

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It had all the municipality,
so the municipality of Venice.

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No, The municipality
of Venice is all this here.

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This is the municipality of Venice.

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In the 1970s, it had 360,000
inhabitants, and now it went down.

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Yesterday, I've checked.

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Now we have 249,900 inhabitants.

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We lost a lot of...

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The municipality lost a lot of population.

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You can see here on the right side,
the Venice municipality, Old Venice,

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the islands, Mestre,
and then other municipalities

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that are represented here on the map.

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On the map, you can see, well, it's,

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I don't know, 331,000, more or less,

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330,000 inhabitants
in the area you see here on the map.

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Now you can see also on the key map that
the small red rectangle is increasing.

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Now you can see where actually we are.

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Now let's go on to the next slide,

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which I have simply called the Map.

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This is the Map.

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It's a complicated map,
but it explains many things.

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I have made this map several years ago,

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five years ago, I think, four years ago.

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It has a bit the different ways you can

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delimitate, you can Describe the city.

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If you look at the table inside the map,

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area, population, at the first place,

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you see the municipality of Venice.

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The municipality of Venice is
this with the white border.

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I don't know if you can see it.

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The white border is the city limits
of the municipality of Venice.

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Four years ago, it was still Now,
we have lost another 10,000 inhabitants.

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This is dramatic, but it's reality.

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Then we have what I call the
small Metropolitan city.

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This red thing with the thick red border.

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This is more or less the same as
the functional urban area we defined

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by Eurostat and Metraecks and so on.

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Here we are around 600,000 inhabitants.

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This is the agglomeration, you can say.

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Then we have another interesting thing.

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It's called the current Metropolitan
city with 850,000 inhabitants.

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Well, it's
not so easy to recognize on this map

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because the borders,
they are light red borders, and it's this

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banana-shaped
territory which goes from where you

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see PGR, SD, and then this big thing here.

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It goes to the...

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This is the former province
of Venice that had been in 2014.

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They have changed the name,
and now it's called Metropolitan City.

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Then we have some other concepts,
how we can define the city.

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The large Metropolitan City.

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The large Metropolitan City is this

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hatched, this dense hatched thing.

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This is simply the sum of three provinces,

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Venice, Padua, and Treviso,

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which was in past years,
one of the projects to elevate it to

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a Metropolitan area with its
own administration and so on.

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But it was a very huge thing.

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Also, the three cities didn't agree
on who should be the leader and so on.

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So this project failed.

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Then we have...

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This is the part way there.

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Then here you read proposed
Metropolitan region.

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Well, proposed by who?

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I propose this.

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I and a few other colleagues
who we are working on this.

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We are trying to propose this to our
administration, city administration,

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regional administration,
and so on, because

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we would like to apply scientific criteria
to see how such a thing,

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such a Metropolitan area,
Metropolitan region could be conceived

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and could be managed and so on.

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This is the area with the pink,

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not pink, with the light red shading.

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This area has been delimited
exactly with scientific criteria.

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We have, first of all, created,
based on central place theory,

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we have to delimitate these areas with all

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these abbreviations, S, C, T, H, B, S, G.

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These are the areas
of these central places.

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Then we have put them together.

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We have looked at the networking,

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at the relationship they have.

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This was the final outcome,
the Metropolitan region.

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Then we have also
the administrative region of Veneto.

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This one with this
thick red border across.

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Then, of course, we propose also a larger
region, the Triveneto region, because

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we think that the current Veneto region
with 5 million inhabitants

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has not the critical mass to become
from an important administrative region.

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We think we should aggregate
two other small regions.

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Here, the Friuli, Venezia, Julia,
and the Trentino, South Tirola.

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It would be interesting to have
a more functionally, more

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also competitive region.

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For example,
if we look at the lander in Germany,

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they have more or less this dimension.

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You see the rectangle in the key map now
has an important size and

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you can see where Venice is located.

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Now let's go on because I think I'm
consuming time also.

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Now,
yes, one of the examples we took,

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we considered when doing our work

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about the Venice Metropolitan

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area and region was how Other things
are organized in Germany.

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Probably some of you know how
it's organized.

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We have here,
and it's very clear in the Stuttgart

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region, in Southern Germany, it's very
clear because it has three levels.

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We have the city of Stuttgart,
this is the municipality.

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No, sorry, I don't want to go.

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This one, this
brown area is the municipality of

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with about 633,000 inhabitants.

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I will, in a while,
explain more about this.

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Then we have the Stuttgart region,

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this one with these gray boundaries.

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This is, yes, the planning
region, more or less.

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But in Stuttgart, they have more
power than in other planning regions.

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This is also It's also a curious thing.

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Then we have this Metropolitan region,
it is called,

00:20:06.560 --> 00:20:09.040
and there are also these colors.

00:20:09.120 --> 00:20:13.960
It wasn't me who made this map.

00:20:14.040 --> 00:20:18.560
I took it from the the other side
of the Metropolitan region of Stuttgart.

00:20:18.640 --> 00:20:23.520
They have these
spatial planning subdivisions

00:20:23.600 --> 00:20:30.520
into the rural area, peripheral zone,
condensed context areas and so on,

00:20:30.600 --> 00:20:35.120
all these expressions that are
very complicated to translate also.

00:20:35.200 --> 00:20:39.360
I put them also in the German original

00:20:39.440 --> 00:20:46.040
versions because the translations
are not very easy.

00:20:46.200 --> 00:20:47.960
What

00:20:49.680 --> 00:20:54.640
are they doing, these different levels,

00:20:54.720 --> 00:20:59.000
administrative question mark levels?

00:20:59.080 --> 00:21:03.360
Well, the city It has
an elected council and mayor.

00:21:03.440 --> 00:21:06.960
It has some limited fiscal autonomy.

00:21:07.040 --> 00:21:13.040
They are doing formal town planning at
different levels, at the municipal level,

00:21:13.120 --> 00:21:19.480
at the neighborhood level, and so on,
other formal planning.

00:21:19.560 --> 00:21:23.240
They apply usually formal
planning instruments.

00:21:23.320 --> 00:21:26.520
Also some strategic things,
of course, informal planning.

00:21:26.600 --> 00:21:32.520
But this is the traditional way
municipalities do their

00:21:32.600 --> 00:21:34.840
job and do planning.

00:21:34.920 --> 00:21:38.720
Then the planning region,
they too have an elected council,

00:21:38.800 --> 00:21:43.160
but only the Stuttgart region
has an elected council.

00:21:43.240 --> 00:21:49.080
Other planning regions don't have
this important administrative level.

00:21:49.160 --> 00:21:51.640
They do regional landscape
and mobility planning.

00:21:51.720 --> 00:21:57.640
They have this received from the state,
from the state which is the region,

00:21:57.720 --> 00:22:02.200
let's say, that there's a bit of This
is a terminological confusion.

00:22:02.280 --> 00:22:07.560
I'm sorry for the interpreters,
but what we here call region,

00:22:07.640 --> 00:22:10.320
I don't know in other countries,
probably wouldn't be region.

00:22:10.400 --> 00:22:14.080
It would be something like provinces.

00:22:14.160 --> 00:22:19.360
It depends on the national context.

00:22:21.160 --> 00:22:26.080
But the state level is what in other
countries usually is the region,

00:22:26.160 --> 00:22:28.680
the land in German.

00:22:28.760 --> 00:22:33.160
The The state government

00:22:33.240 --> 00:22:39.000
gave the Stuttgart region the power to

00:22:41.720 --> 00:22:47.600
administrate,
to govern themselves in a more important

00:22:47.680 --> 00:22:49.160
way than other planning regions do.

00:22:49.240 --> 00:22:51.560
They have that elected
council to do that planning.

00:22:51.640 --> 00:22:57.320
They are also
dealing with economic development,

00:22:57.400 --> 00:23:00.280
which other planning regions don't do.

00:23:00.360 --> 00:23:07.680
They only apply, make their, usually,
regional plants and landscape plants,

00:23:07.760 --> 00:23:13.040
some ecologic
tool and so on, and that's all.

00:23:13.120 --> 00:23:16.280
Then we have the Metropolitan
region, the whole thing.

00:23:16.360 --> 00:23:20.720
The Metropolitan region doesn't have any
institutional body,

00:23:20.800 --> 00:23:22.440
own institutional body.

00:23:22.520 --> 00:23:26.720
There is no council or something
like that at this level.

00:23:26.800 --> 00:23:30.600
It is a so-called co-operation space.

00:23:30.680 --> 00:23:37.680
All the actors, institutional, economic,

00:23:37.760 --> 00:23:40.320
educational, and so on,

00:23:40.400 --> 00:23:47.600
and civil society actors,
should create networks and find a way to

00:23:47.680 --> 00:23:50.560
define policies, to agree on policies.

00:23:50.640 --> 00:23:52.560
It's a very free thing.

00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:57.400
It's a self-organising body, you can say.

00:23:57.480 --> 00:24:00.200
There are no institutional bodies.

00:24:00.280 --> 00:24:03.080
There are only shared
strategies and policies.

00:24:03.160 --> 00:24:08.840
It's not always said that
every institutional body will

00:24:08.920 --> 00:24:11.280
follow these indications.

00:24:11.360 --> 00:24:17.640
They have, of course,
only informal planning policies.

00:24:17.720 --> 00:24:23.880
This is a very important thing because
I anticipate it now.

00:24:23.960 --> 00:24:29.600
This is important if we think about Italy,
where we don't have this distinction.

00:24:29.680 --> 00:24:31.320
We They have everything in Italy.

00:24:31.400 --> 00:24:34.440
They want everything to be dealt.
Five minutes.

00:24:34.520 --> 00:24:38.000
Well, we have everything in Italy,
we have everything dealt

00:24:38.080 --> 00:24:40.680
with an institutional bodies.

00:24:40.760 --> 00:24:42.920
You can't.

00:24:43.000 --> 00:24:49.520
It's impossible to manage
such a thing with some institutional

00:24:49.600 --> 00:24:51.480
council or something like that.

00:24:51.560 --> 00:24:53.880
Let me go on.

00:24:55.400 --> 00:24:59.200
I feel 30 minutes,
25 minutes already passed.

00:24:59.280 --> 00:25:00.480
It's incredibly It's possible.

00:25:00.560 --> 00:25:05.440
These are the Metropolitan regions
that have been defined by a conference

00:25:05.520 --> 00:25:08.360
of spatial planning ministers in Germany.

00:25:08.440 --> 00:25:13.200
I will skip this because it's
already things I have done.

00:25:13.280 --> 00:25:14.800
Then another experience.

00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:19.680
This is very
interesting because this is an example

00:25:19.760 --> 00:25:22.600
of a self-established Metropolitan region.

00:25:22.680 --> 00:25:27.560
It's not among these that had been defined
by the conference of state

00:25:27.640 --> 00:25:29.520
ministers for planning.

00:25:29.600 --> 00:25:33.480
But at a certain point, they said,
Well, we have this region.

00:25:33.560 --> 00:25:35.320
This is the Upper Rhine area.

00:25:35.400 --> 00:25:39.520
You see here, just to know where we...
No.

00:25:39.600 --> 00:25:46.880
This is Basel, the city of Basel,
Switzerland, Germany, France.

00:25:46.960 --> 00:25:50.280
More or less here we have Strasbourg
and here we have Karlsruhe.

00:25:50.360 --> 00:25:54.240
These are the main cities in this area.

00:25:54.320 --> 00:25:59.560
With more than six millions of
inhabitants, it's, of course, a huge area.

00:25:59.640 --> 00:26:04.680
It's It's not a city,
it's not a Metropolitan area, as we know

00:26:04.760 --> 00:26:08.400
them, maybe from the UK, it's much larger.

00:26:08.480 --> 00:26:10.600
But they felt they had to do something.

00:26:10.680 --> 00:26:13.280
They have many goals.

00:26:13.360 --> 00:26:17.080
For example, we have two languages here,
German and French,

00:26:17.160 --> 00:26:18.520
and they want to integrate.

00:26:18.600 --> 00:26:23.360
They want that the people in all this area
know each other's languages and so on.

00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:26.200
It's a linguistic,
cultural integration and so on.

00:26:26.280 --> 00:26:33.320
They have based everything on four pillars
It's political, economical, scientific,

00:26:33.400 --> 00:26:40.160
and educational pillar,
and then at the end, the civil society.

00:26:40.240 --> 00:26:43.280
This is very interesting because they have

00:26:43.360 --> 00:26:47.360
then working groups in each of these four

00:26:47.440 --> 00:26:51.680
pillars who are doing the networking job.

00:26:51.760 --> 00:26:57.800
Then they put it together, they have
some meetings, and it's very interesting.

00:26:57.880 --> 00:27:00.800
Now, let's go on.

00:27:00.880 --> 00:27:02.600
What happened in Italy?

00:27:02.680 --> 00:27:08.680
Well, in Italy, we have a very long story,
I hope, at least to be able to tell this,

00:27:08.760 --> 00:27:11.440
because they are the projects.

00:27:11.520 --> 00:27:13.480
I can't...

00:27:13.560 --> 00:27:17.240
Well, sorry, I talked too
much at the beginning.

00:27:17.320 --> 00:27:19.280
It's always the same story when I have
presentations,

00:27:19.360 --> 00:27:24.400
I talk too much in the beginning, and then
at the end, I don't have any time left.

00:27:24.480 --> 00:27:26.360
It's the result.

00:27:26.440 --> 00:27:29.920
We have now these Metropolitan cities.

00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:31.920
It's also What's an awful
term, Metropolitan.

00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:33.400
What does that mean, Metropolitan?

00:27:33.480 --> 00:27:36.800
It's a city inside a Metropolitan area.

00:27:36.880 --> 00:27:42.520
In Italy, we have created this term,
Metropolitan cities, and the abbreviation

00:27:42.600 --> 00:27:46.440
is CM, following the Italian name.

00:27:46.520 --> 00:27:50.880
It's a result of decades and decades
of ongoing discussions,

00:27:50.960 --> 00:27:53.240
researches and regulations and so on.

00:27:53.320 --> 00:27:58.720
We started in the '70s and the '80s
with studying, how are they made up,

00:27:58.800 --> 00:28:00.480
how could they be made up and so on.

00:28:00.560 --> 00:28:06.720
Then in 1990, the first law arrived about
Metropolitan areas,

00:28:06.800 --> 00:28:12.080
and the delimitation of these areas was
delegated to the regional administration,

00:28:12.160 --> 00:28:15.240
and result, no implementation as usual.

00:28:15.320 --> 00:28:20.160
This happens many times in Italy,
that the law is approved and so on,

00:28:20.240 --> 00:28:24.480
and then implementation
lacks and it doesn't follow.

00:28:24.560 --> 00:28:31.520
In 1999, there was a new law saying
that now they are called Metropolitan

00:28:31.600 --> 00:28:34.600
cities, and the Metropolitan cities are
the institutional bodies

00:28:34.680 --> 00:28:37.640
of the Metropolitan area.

00:28:37.720 --> 00:28:42.440
Even more complexity,
terminological complexity.

00:28:42.520 --> 00:28:43.800
It's quite a...

00:28:43.880 --> 00:28:48.600
But This time, too,
no implementation at all.

00:28:48.680 --> 00:28:53.840
In 2001, came a constitutional reform
that established that the Metropolitan

00:28:53.920 --> 00:28:59.280
cities are part of
the structure of the Republic.

00:28:59.360 --> 00:29:00.840
No implementation.
Implementation.

00:29:00.920 --> 00:29:05.320
In 2007, they gave all these things
more flexibility to self-organise them.

00:29:05.400 --> 00:29:08.160
No implementation.

00:29:08.240 --> 00:29:15.080
In 2009, more stringent deadlines because
there were always long deadlines and then

00:29:15.160 --> 00:29:17.920
the regional administration
didn't do anything.

00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:20.080
Then they said, Okay, you have less time.

00:29:20.160 --> 00:29:24.480
If you don't do it, the state...

00:29:24.600 --> 00:29:25.960
No?

00:29:26.520 --> 00:29:29.160
No, it was...

00:29:30.960 --> 00:29:33.760
Sorry, I hit.

00:29:39.560 --> 00:29:45.360
If the regional administrations don't
proceed, so it's the central state

00:29:45.440 --> 00:29:48.680
who will do it, but also the central
state didn't do anything.

00:29:48.760 --> 00:29:50.920
So no implementation once again.

00:29:51.000 --> 00:29:56.880
Then we arrived in 2014 and the government
at that time said,

00:29:56.960 --> 00:29:58.280
Do you know what you are doing?

00:29:58.360 --> 00:30:04.120
Okay, we take These 10 cities we

00:30:04.200 --> 00:30:09.680
have chosen in 1990, so 30 years before,

00:30:09.760 --> 00:30:12.320
no, it took 24 years before.

00:30:12.400 --> 00:30:19.240
We say, Okay, the provinces they are in
from today are called Metropolitan cities.

00:30:19.320 --> 00:30:21.840
We give you some more power.

00:30:21.920 --> 00:30:26.040
The other provinces,
the ordinary provinces, lose power.

00:30:26.120 --> 00:30:32.000
The Metropolitan, those provinces that
become Some Metropolitan cities

00:30:32.080 --> 00:30:35.960
retain their power, and that's it.

00:30:36.040 --> 00:30:39.800
They have also changed
some settings in it.

00:30:39.880 --> 00:30:42.720
I think it's on this here.

00:30:42.800 --> 00:30:48.640
Well, these Metropolitan cities
have very weak governance.

00:30:48.720 --> 00:30:52.640
They have a Metropolitan Council,
which is called the Council

00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:59.160
of the Metropolitan City, elected by the
Communal Council, the municipal councils

00:30:59.240 --> 00:31:03.720
of the in Venice, of the 44 municipalities

00:31:03.800 --> 00:31:08.720
that composed that Metropolitan City.

00:31:08.800 --> 00:31:14.080
Then another curious thing is
that the mayor, the mayor of the main

00:31:14.160 --> 00:31:18.640
municipality in the Metropolitan City is
at the same time also the mayor

00:31:18.720 --> 00:31:20.680
for the whole Metropolitan City.

00:31:20.760 --> 00:31:24.440
The people in the other
43 municipalities...

00:31:24.520 --> 00:31:26.000
One minute.

00:31:26.080 --> 00:31:32.440
The people, the inhabitants of the other
43 Many municipalities don't decide

00:31:32.520 --> 00:31:35.480
about their head who will be their mayor.

00:31:35.560 --> 00:31:37.360
This is a lack of democracy.

00:31:37.440 --> 00:31:40.120
This is also a keyword,

00:31:40.200 --> 00:31:44.760
democratic legitimation.

00:31:44.840 --> 00:31:50.160
This is very important if we go,
above all, for formal

00:31:50.240 --> 00:31:52.080
planning instruments.

00:31:53.080 --> 00:31:57.360
The other things are less important.

00:31:57.840 --> 00:32:03.360
There's also a rule,
a norm in that law that says that if

00:32:03.440 --> 00:32:10.240
the main municipality of the Metropolitan
city will be dismantled,

00:32:10.320 --> 00:32:16.040
subdivided into smaller entities,
then the Metropolitan mayor can

00:32:16.120 --> 00:32:18.120
be elected directly by the people.

00:32:18.200 --> 00:32:26.200
We call these things byzantine things
because they are very, very complicated.

00:32:27.080 --> 00:32:32.080
On the spatial planning level,
only Actually, one instrument is foreseen

00:32:32.160 --> 00:32:36.640
that they called it
not even a general spatial plan.

00:32:36.720 --> 00:32:42.640
They say, Well, the Metropolitan cities
are doing general spatial planning.

00:32:42.720 --> 00:32:46.640
Without defining anything else, There

00:32:46.720 --> 00:32:49.880
was a big difference between those

00:32:49.960 --> 00:32:54.960
Metropolitan cities that are
proactive and so on, like Milan,

00:32:55.040 --> 00:32:57.560
they invented good tools.

00:32:57.640 --> 00:33:02.440
They translated this indication indication
into good tools,

00:33:02.520 --> 00:33:04.160
into good planning instruments.

00:33:04.240 --> 00:33:08.440
But other like Venice,
where the mayor of Venice was concentrated

00:33:08.520 --> 00:33:13.240
of his city, of the city of Venice
and didn't care very much about the rest

00:33:13.320 --> 00:33:19.720
of the Metropolitan city,
all these things were not so followed.

00:33:19.800 --> 00:33:25.080
Then another law, a subsequent law,
assigned to the Metropolitan cities also

00:33:25.160 --> 00:33:32.960
the possibility to draw mobility plans.
Now, let's see.

00:33:34.560 --> 00:33:37.560
Well, two years ago,

00:33:37.640 --> 00:33:41.680
I have already shown here in this picture.

00:33:41.760 --> 00:33:47.480
This is a former former project,

00:33:48.920 --> 00:33:50.720
dealing with green connectivity

00:33:50.800 --> 00:33:52.920
with urban central places.

00:33:53.000 --> 00:33:58.800
This was to show that because two years
ago, the theme was flexible planning.

00:33:58.880 --> 00:34:05.720
It was to show that there are great
difficulties in the Italian rigid planning

00:34:05.800 --> 00:34:11.520
system to conceive more
flexible approaches.

00:34:11.600 --> 00:34:18.080
This approach had to be subdivided
in different administrative acts.

00:34:18.160 --> 00:34:23.560
At the end, only very few
things of this project.

00:34:23.640 --> 00:34:28.600
It has been approved by the municipal

00:34:28.680 --> 00:34:31.960
government, but Then it wasn't...

00:34:32.040 --> 00:34:35.680
Maybe 20% of the things
have been implemented.

00:34:35.760 --> 00:34:37.760
Then this is more or less the last.

00:34:37.840 --> 00:34:40.080
This is another project.

00:34:40.160 --> 00:34:47.080
Well, I won't explain it in detail
just to show this wonderful map.

00:34:47.160 --> 00:34:54.560
I think it's a wonderful map because
we have made it.

00:34:55.160 --> 00:35:00.320
Well, this is a concept for transforming

00:35:00.400 --> 00:35:04.720
this, well, this Metropolitan area,

00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:09.440
and we also don't know very well if
it's actually a Metropolitan area.

00:35:09.520 --> 00:35:16.880
Often we do, and not also we,
other people also show European maps

00:35:16.960 --> 00:35:20.960
and where the main
Metropolitan areas are located.

00:35:21.040 --> 00:35:26.520
Then at Venice's place, there's a hole.

00:35:26.600 --> 00:35:29.680
There is a missing metropolis.

00:35:29.760 --> 00:35:32.120
We always say, well,
we are in the position,

00:35:32.200 --> 00:35:35.360
in the geographical position
to have a metropolis.

00:35:35.440 --> 00:35:39.040
Also, many analysis show that there is

00:35:39.120 --> 00:35:43.240
a potential for a Metropolitan pole,

00:35:43.320 --> 00:35:45.080
for a Metropolitan thing there.

00:35:45.160 --> 00:35:48.360
But it hasn't developed because there is

00:35:48.440 --> 00:35:52.200
a poor vision by the administrative

00:35:52.280 --> 00:35:55.200
class and also by the empereurial ship.

00:35:55.280 --> 00:35:59.120
They are not so keen.

00:35:59.200 --> 00:36:03.200
We were trying to propose this project

00:36:03.280 --> 00:36:06.640
to optimize mobility, long distance,

00:36:06.720 --> 00:36:13.000
high speed, local, regional, the lagoon,
because it's one of the problems

00:36:13.080 --> 00:36:18.400
the people in the fish area,
let's say in old Venice,

00:36:18.480 --> 00:36:24.680
complain that the people go away,
but the people go away because it's also

00:36:24.760 --> 00:36:27.800
very difficult to move across

00:36:27.880 --> 00:36:32.080
the territory of the municipality.

00:36:32.160 --> 00:36:37.200
This has all to be improved,
working on economic attractiveness.

00:36:37.280 --> 00:36:40.320
There's also the concept
of the airport city.

00:36:40.400 --> 00:36:43.960
Usually, an airport city is a thing
that is located

00:36:44.040 --> 00:36:47.480
close to an airport with businesses there

00:36:47.560 --> 00:36:53.120
that are interested in capturing

00:36:53.200 --> 00:36:59.240
the people who are traveling by plane.

00:36:59.320 --> 00:37:05.040
Our The concept was to create an airport
city not close to the airport

00:37:05.120 --> 00:37:08.280
with soil consumption and all these
things,

00:37:08.360 --> 00:37:12.960
but to locate it in the center of Mester,
of the mainland part of Venice

00:37:13.040 --> 00:37:19.760
by transforming, by by transforming
the urban structure inside it.

00:37:19.840 --> 00:37:24.120
With a 10 minutes link from the airport
to the central area of Mester,

00:37:24.200 --> 00:37:28.280
this could be achieved.
You would have the same times.

00:37:28.360 --> 00:37:31.560
You have, for example,
at the Paris airport to go

00:37:31.640 --> 00:37:33.440
from the terminal to their airport city.

00:37:33.520 --> 00:37:36.000
That's just over there, 10 minutes.

00:37:36.080 --> 00:37:40.040
You need 10 minutes to go
from the terminal to the airport city

00:37:40.120 --> 00:37:42.400
in Paris, and it would be the same thing.

00:37:42.480 --> 00:37:43.920
All these things.

00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:51.240
But There aren't the means, there
aren't the tools to do this because...

00:37:51.320 --> 00:37:53.240
Yes, I don't know.

00:37:53.320 --> 00:37:56.040
Is there a last thing here?

00:37:56.120 --> 00:37:57.520
Yes, of course.

00:37:57.600 --> 00:38:02.640
This is a This is the last one, I promise.

00:38:02.720 --> 00:38:03.880
This is the last one.

00:38:03.960 --> 00:38:11.680
It says why this rigid planning approach
doesn't work because it doesn't conceive

00:38:14.680 --> 00:38:17.600
multidisciplinary approaches.

00:38:17.680 --> 00:38:22.960
We have listened to this also yesterday
with the photo of all the people

00:38:23.040 --> 00:38:24.520
from different professions.

00:38:24.600 --> 00:38:26.320
This is more or less the same.

00:38:26.400 --> 00:38:27.560
It's a graphic.

00:38:27.640 --> 00:38:32.040
It's not a photo with people,
but it's a graphic This is in the center.

00:38:32.120 --> 00:38:37.440
This is how
we conceive as spatial planning

00:38:37.520 --> 00:38:41.880
in the East TBCU,
which we have included in our guidelines

00:38:41.960 --> 00:38:44.960
and so on and all around the people.

00:38:45.040 --> 00:38:52.520
This must be considered when approaching

00:38:52.600 --> 00:38:57.280
spatial planning for Metropolitan bodies.

00:38:58.400 --> 00:38:59.680
I stop here.

00:38:59.760 --> 00:39:04.400
I could continue for ages.

00:39:08.560 --> 00:39:15.440
Markus, the presentation was Very

00:39:15.520 --> 00:39:18.120
interesting, of course.

00:39:18.200 --> 00:39:23.360
I love to see all those plans from Venice

00:39:23.440 --> 00:39:29.760
to Veneto to try something.

00:39:30.360 --> 00:39:35.920
I don't remember the name now,
and I cannot read my own handwriting.

00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:39.880
Also to see Stuttgart, and also to see

00:39:39.960 --> 00:39:45.760
the international upper Rhina stretch.

00:39:45.840 --> 00:39:51.200
It's always very interesting to
discuss these Metropolitan issues.

00:39:51.280 --> 00:39:55.080
At least I find those very interesting.

00:39:55.160 --> 00:40:02.360
We could go on discussing them, but now
we have to give floor to Judith Reza.

00:40:02.440 --> 00:40:05.560
Thank you very much once again.

00:40:05.640 --> 00:40:09.560
Do you think the floor is right?

00:40:09.680 --> 00:40:13.120
I would like to thank the organizers
for having invited me.

00:40:13.200 --> 00:40:18.280
I want to talk about London
as an example of a metropolis.

00:40:18.360 --> 00:40:23.960
Could you please put my presentation?

00:40:24.160 --> 00:40:30.480
I have taken the topics of the conference
and tried to

00:40:30.560 --> 00:40:34.160
And analyze what are the links between
these three levels which have been

00:40:34.240 --> 00:40:37.560
identified, the architectural level,
the development level,

00:40:37.640 --> 00:40:40.680
and the Metropolitan level.

00:40:41.160 --> 00:40:44.720
So these were the topics,
planning Metropolitan areas,

00:40:44.800 --> 00:40:47.240
and My question is under which governance?

00:40:47.320 --> 00:40:50.640
And what Markus has said, I can follow up.

00:40:50.720 --> 00:40:55.280
It's very similar, it seems,
what happens in the UK and with London.

00:40:55.360 --> 00:40:59.040
Then shaping layouts,
so to achieve economic and political

00:40:59.120 --> 00:41:01.760
objectives or maybe something else.

00:41:01.840 --> 00:41:04.640
Again, we can see this challenge.

00:41:04.720 --> 00:41:07.680
The third one is the individual
architectural solutions, of which we

00:41:07.760 --> 00:41:09.440
had lots of examples yesterday.

00:41:09.520 --> 00:41:12.880
Well, what is the local relevance of them?

00:41:12.960 --> 00:41:16.880
How are these levels
linked is my question.

00:41:17.480 --> 00:41:22.360
In London, you have
the planning metropolitan area.

00:41:22.440 --> 00:41:27.960
These are the various administrations
which have been set up and dismantled,

00:41:28.040 --> 00:41:31.200
and I will come onto them
a little a bit more detail.

00:41:31.280 --> 00:41:35.120
Then you have the large site developments,
of which I will give some examples which I

00:41:35.200 --> 00:41:37.480
will raise through because
I have very little time.

00:41:37.560 --> 00:41:42.000
Then the architectural design level,
again, which was basically landmarks

00:41:42.080 --> 00:41:46.240
designed by star architects
and so on, very much in vogue.

00:41:46.320 --> 00:41:50.520
In London, we have seen some examples
yesterday in Bratislava and so forth.

00:41:50.600 --> 00:41:56.680
But power blocks don't make up
a metropolis as we have also established.

00:41:57.280 --> 00:42:04.240
Each time I want to give a counterpoint
example of the general trend.

00:42:04.320 --> 00:42:09.720
The London government's very quickly,
the LCC was the London County Council.

00:42:09.800 --> 00:42:14.120
But basically, by the time,
the city was growing much faster

00:42:14.200 --> 00:42:16.160
than the administrative boundary.

00:42:16.240 --> 00:42:22.040
The JLC was created in the '60s,
which was then encompassing a wider

00:42:22.120 --> 00:42:25.600
built-up area, but not actually
what was happening in reality.

00:42:25.680 --> 00:42:29.160
But they also established a Green Belt,
and we heard all about that yesterday,

00:42:29.240 --> 00:42:33.520
so I can skip Then ELPAC
is a very similar organization

00:42:33.600 --> 00:42:36.040
to what Markus has just mentioned.

00:42:36.120 --> 00:42:41.720
It was an informal set up between London,
which was the big head and domineering,

00:42:41.800 --> 00:42:44.840
and the municipalities
around in the south-east.

00:42:44.920 --> 00:42:49.360
They cooperated sectorally on issues

00:42:49.440 --> 00:42:52.200
like education, energy, supply, etc.

00:42:52.280 --> 00:42:53.680
Which was very successful.

00:42:53.760 --> 00:42:56.800
It was informal, but it
was working rather well.

00:42:56.880 --> 00:42:58.800
That lasted for quite a while, actually.

00:42:58.880 --> 00:43:03.600
It was just a long alongside
the official elected governments.

00:43:03.680 --> 00:43:07.640
Then we had no London government
for a long time after Thatcher

00:43:07.720 --> 00:43:10.200
abolished the Greater London Council.

00:43:10.280 --> 00:43:15.840
Then in 2000, we had a new administration
which was extremely slim because there was

00:43:15.920 --> 00:43:20.560
always an enormous tension and competition
between the central state and London,

00:43:20.640 --> 00:43:24.840
which is a huge head of the whole country.

00:43:24.920 --> 00:43:27.080
Nationally, it's a metropolis.

00:43:27.160 --> 00:43:30.680
You can see that the administrative
boundaries They rarely

00:43:30.760 --> 00:43:32.560
matched the real world.

00:43:32.640 --> 00:43:36.120
Maybe they can't because they are static
and the real world is dynamic

00:43:36.200 --> 00:43:37.680
and changing all the time.

00:43:37.760 --> 00:43:43.200
London is basically an uncontrollable
city, as Roy Porter was saying in his

00:43:43.280 --> 00:43:47.440
social history of London,
I rather tend to agree with him.

00:43:48.000 --> 00:43:53.840
Here is a picture of London
in 1938, just before the war.

00:43:53.920 --> 00:43:58.000
You can see the red line, which is
the boundary of the London County Council.

00:43:58.080 --> 00:44:02.040
That was my newt compared to the sprawl
which had already taken place.

00:44:02.120 --> 00:44:08.240
Basically, there were 8.6
million people living in the conurbation

00:44:08.320 --> 00:44:11.360
of London just before the war.

00:44:11.560 --> 00:44:14.720
Here are these various plans
which correspond

00:44:14.800 --> 00:44:16.400
to these various administrations.

00:44:16.480 --> 00:44:17.720
I will skip that.

00:44:17.800 --> 00:44:22.360
But what is important is also the very
last one, which is called the London

00:44:22.440 --> 00:44:26.280
and the Wider Southeast,
which is rather a similar voluntary

00:44:26.360 --> 00:44:31.080
informal association between
the Metropolitan Metropolitan area

00:44:31.160 --> 00:44:34.880
and the various municipalities, districts,
and county councils, and so forth.

00:44:34.960 --> 00:44:39.160
Our administration is super complicated,
so I don't go into that,

00:44:39.240 --> 00:44:40.600
even more than in Germany.

00:44:40.680 --> 00:44:45.520
But this is, again,
they were thinking about the actual real

00:44:45.600 --> 00:44:49.400
metropolitan area which reaches out
to Cambridge, to Oxford,

00:44:49.480 --> 00:44:53.680
and so forth because of the networks
which have been established, which are

00:44:53.760 --> 00:44:56.760
communications, which are mobility, etc.

00:44:56.840 --> 00:44:58.800
We can actually measure these things.

00:44:58.880 --> 00:45:01.920
There are these connections restrictions,
including commuting

00:45:02.000 --> 00:45:03.600
distances and all that thing.

00:45:03.680 --> 00:45:07.480
This is a rather interesting
effort which was done by the planners

00:45:07.560 --> 00:45:11.120
of these various institutions,
but they have not managed to get

00:45:11.200 --> 00:45:13.440
very far with the central government.

00:45:14.680 --> 00:45:17.360
Here We have the Abercrombie
plan very quickly.

00:45:17.440 --> 00:45:23.640
His idea was that he wanted to decongest
London, which was obviously big and very

00:45:23.720 --> 00:45:26.520
slummy and very centralized
and in poor condition.

00:45:26.600 --> 00:45:28.720
But of course, the war
has changed all that.

00:45:28.800 --> 00:45:34.080
But you can already see his idea about
the self-contained large new

00:45:34.160 --> 00:45:35.440
towns which he had in mind.

00:45:35.520 --> 00:45:37.120
He looked at the whole region.

00:45:37.200 --> 00:45:41.880
In fact, his plan, although it was under
the LCC, was encompassing

00:45:41.960 --> 00:45:43.680
the whole build-up area.

00:45:43.760 --> 00:45:46.600
That was actually quite
progressive in those days.

00:45:46.680 --> 00:45:48.520
Then you have his plan.

00:45:48.600 --> 00:45:51.480
You can see what he looked
at the regional level.

00:45:51.560 --> 00:45:54.280
But you can see on the right,
the population changes,

00:45:54.360 --> 00:45:57.120
which were completely different
from what he expected.

00:45:57.200 --> 00:46:00.840
He thought London would be congested,
so he needed to be decongesting.

00:46:00.920 --> 00:46:03.800
But a lot of people had
been evacuated from London.

00:46:03.880 --> 00:46:04.480
There was a blitz.

00:46:04.560 --> 00:46:08.720
The population had diminished and didn't
increase for a long time, as you

00:46:08.800 --> 00:46:11.800
can see from the graph on the right.

00:46:12.280 --> 00:46:19.080
You can see the LCC area,
and then you see the Greater London area,

00:46:19.160 --> 00:46:21.640
which was roughly at the same scale.

00:46:21.720 --> 00:46:23.120
So it is much, much bigger.

00:46:23.200 --> 00:46:29.600
But still that one didn't actually cover
what the real Metropolitan built up area

00:46:29.680 --> 00:46:32.800
and region was already in existence.

00:46:32.880 --> 00:46:37.080
It put the green belt around it,
but of course, it was encroached by the

00:46:37.160 --> 00:46:39.760
development process in the south-east.

00:46:39.840 --> 00:46:42.800
So what my argument is to say
the metropolis

00:46:42.880 --> 00:46:48.400
is uncontrolled and uncontrolled trouble,
possibly, because you have a dynamic

00:46:48.480 --> 00:46:53.280
which is very complex and very,
very strong, and that cannot...

00:46:53.360 --> 00:46:56.600
It's different interests,
conflicting and otherwise.

00:46:56.680 --> 00:47:01.480
This dynamic is completely different
from what I consider static,

00:47:01.560 --> 00:47:04.200
like establishing plans, they are fixed.

00:47:04.280 --> 00:47:08.080
Then you have to conform to what is fixed.

00:47:08.160 --> 00:47:13.040
Markus just mentioned that, in fact,
none of those have ever been implemented.

00:47:13.120 --> 00:47:14.560
There may be a good reason for that.

00:47:14.640 --> 00:47:17.440
I think maybe we should think again
whether this type of planning

00:47:17.520 --> 00:47:19.320
is really appropriate.

00:47:19.400 --> 00:47:26.600
You can see that they had these various
responsibilities,

00:47:26.680 --> 00:47:32.080
but there were always conflictual
divisions already built in between

00:47:32.160 --> 00:47:35.040
the Greater London Council,
which was indirectly elected,

00:47:35.120 --> 00:47:38.840
and the boroughs,
which were made much bigger than under the

00:47:38.920 --> 00:47:40.960
LCC, but which also had planning power.

00:47:41.040 --> 00:47:44.480
There was always conflict
from the beginning about waste disposal,

00:47:44.560 --> 00:47:46.480
about housing, about everything else.

00:47:48.680 --> 00:47:54.560
So I don't know.

00:47:56.480 --> 00:47:59.840
Why does it not work?

00:47:59.920 --> 00:48:04.320
Can you help?

00:48:12.920 --> 00:48:14.280
Oh, here we go.

00:48:14.400 --> 00:48:20.080
That was the Greater London
Development Plan under the JLC.

00:48:20.160 --> 00:48:21.800
Again, it was a plan.

00:48:21.880 --> 00:48:25.680
It was ultimately with great delay
accepted by the minister because we are

00:48:25.760 --> 00:48:28.120
a very centralized country
despite everything.

00:48:28.200 --> 00:48:30.600
It's an ultra-mirrored situation.

00:48:30.680 --> 00:48:34.760
The minister elected, I mean, designated,
not directly elected,

00:48:34.840 --> 00:48:38.160
has the last say in everything,
even today, and always had

00:48:38.240 --> 00:48:39.920
and always will, I think.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:44.680
This plan was a very traditional,
conventional land use plan.

00:48:44.760 --> 00:48:48.960
It really was never implemented
or applied in any way.

00:48:52.960 --> 00:48:57.720
I don't know what's happening
with this thing, but.

00:49:04.920 --> 00:49:05.920
Right.

00:49:06.560 --> 00:49:09.600
This is the third plan I mentioned.

00:49:09.680 --> 00:49:15.000
These were basically the constituent
municipalities which had cooperated

00:49:15.080 --> 00:49:18.240
on a very informal way,
but on a rather effectful way,

00:49:18.320 --> 00:49:22.640
because it was a matter of establishing
trust between the big,

00:49:22.720 --> 00:49:25.400
domineering London administration

00:49:25.480 --> 00:49:29.960
and the smaller, more rural, I mean,

00:49:30.040 --> 00:49:33.360
yes, countryside type of municipalities.

00:49:33.440 --> 00:49:37.440
But that was quite
successful for quite a while.

00:49:42.960 --> 00:49:45.960
Now,
we had the Thatcher abolished

00:49:46.040 --> 00:49:49.000
the Greater London Council,
so we had absolutely no London government

00:49:49.080 --> 00:49:53.440
at all since '86 until year 2000.

00:49:53.520 --> 00:49:58.320
Elpact continued a little bit as
an informal planning association,

00:49:58.400 --> 00:50:05.360
but very, very very remotely and not
with any power whatsoever.

00:50:05.440 --> 00:50:10.880
Then it
was established at the Greater London

00:50:12.120 --> 00:50:16.680
Authority, but they were very sure
that it would be a weak administration.

00:50:16.760 --> 00:50:20.960
Basically, we have 33 boroughs
in the city of London.

00:50:21.040 --> 00:50:25.000
But so you didn't have representation
from each borough like in the JLC.

00:50:25.080 --> 00:50:27.080
You only had 14 in total.

00:50:27.160 --> 00:50:30.040
That meant that really,
they are a very weak administration

00:50:30.120 --> 00:50:34.640
administration, plus the directly elected
mayor, but who has very limited powers.

00:50:34.720 --> 00:50:36.800
But they started to do a plan again.

00:50:36.880 --> 00:50:41.680
The idea was to show on the left,
that was the first plan which was

00:50:41.760 --> 00:50:43.400
established under Livingstone.

00:50:43.480 --> 00:50:45.840
You had internal densification.

00:50:45.920 --> 00:50:49.880
They were concentrating on
putting the development inside their

00:50:49.960 --> 00:50:54.200
administrative boundaries,
but to have connections like the Thames

00:50:54.280 --> 00:50:57.800
gateway, which was one of the development
areas, and the other one

00:50:57.880 --> 00:51:00.040
going up to Cambridge.

00:51:00.120 --> 00:51:02.840
A little bit in the West
around the airport.

00:51:02.920 --> 00:51:07.080
Then the 2016
is another one of these plans.

00:51:07.160 --> 00:51:10.600
So these connections had been increased.

00:51:10.680 --> 00:51:14.200
They wanted to set the London
more in its region.

00:51:14.280 --> 00:51:18.200
But basically, There is
practically no coordination between

00:51:18.280 --> 00:51:25.760
the Great London Authority, the mayor, and
the greater south-west, the south-east.

00:51:27.880 --> 00:51:32.440
Here is the idea you had
of strategic thinking.

00:51:32.520 --> 00:51:39.640
You can see the latest
key diagram for the plan for 2021.

00:51:39.720 --> 00:51:44.440
That has been much more
showing how cosmopolitan London was,

00:51:44.520 --> 00:51:49.000
how diverse, how very
polycentric it had become,

00:51:49.080 --> 00:51:53.080
even internally, let alone in the region.

00:51:54.960 --> 00:51:58.680
I really suffer with this stuff.

00:51:58.760 --> 00:52:04.240
This is the last It's just the idea
of this informal association between

00:52:04.320 --> 00:52:06.800
mainly the planners of these local
authorities,

00:52:06.880 --> 00:52:11.320
the chief planners of the cities
and the counties and so on in London,

00:52:11.400 --> 00:52:16.920
to say how can you actually
look at the sub-regional relationships

00:52:17.000 --> 00:52:21.280
and also what strategies
should we have in order to have a division

00:52:21.360 --> 00:52:27.360
of labor, for example, between the large
centers of excellence like London,

00:52:27.440 --> 00:52:34.200
Cambridge, Oxford, Reading, and so forth,
and the other parts of the area.

00:52:36.640 --> 00:52:41.880
I'm now coming on to what we meant by
Metropolitan region and planning

00:52:41.960 --> 00:52:43.200
the Metropolitan region.

00:52:43.280 --> 00:52:49.240
On the left-hand side, you have a classic
of Peter Hall who wrote London 2000.

00:52:49.320 --> 00:52:54.640
So he imagined what London 2000 would be
in the late '60s, and this was his idea.

00:52:54.720 --> 00:52:58.440
So again, he was thinking very much
also at the regional scale,

00:52:58.520 --> 00:53:02.600
as you can see, that there are these
connections and these strong points.

00:53:02.680 --> 00:53:07.560
On the right-hand side is his work he did
on polycentric metropolis,

00:53:07.640 --> 00:53:12.960
where he connects London up with
the Northwest Europe, actually,

00:53:13.040 --> 00:53:19.080
as a polycentric,
what he calls a polycentric metro region.

00:53:22.080 --> 00:53:28.760
Now, the counterpoint is there is what
the community-led plan for London.

00:53:28.840 --> 00:53:32.400
This group, which is
calling itself Just Space.

00:53:32.480 --> 00:53:40.360
It's a association, very informal one,
of local communities who basically

00:53:40.440 --> 00:53:45.280
protested against the plans which were
imposed on them from top down without any

00:53:45.360 --> 00:53:48.280
participation, although it's in our
planning law and all that thing.

00:53:48.360 --> 00:53:54.000
They just decided when the first
London plan came out from the mayor,

00:53:54.080 --> 00:53:57.120
that they would
follow exactly the same content,

00:53:57.200 --> 00:54:01.960
the same structure, but they would say,
How would look if we make a plan which is

00:54:02.040 --> 00:54:05.280
from the people's perspective,
which was very effective?

00:54:05.360 --> 00:54:09.280
In fact, they have become an official
consultee then for future

00:54:09.360 --> 00:54:10.960
planning in London.

00:54:11.040 --> 00:54:15.360
The one on the right-hand side is what
their comments as well

00:54:15.440 --> 00:54:17.560
on the plan of 2021.

00:54:17.640 --> 00:54:19.360
They are quite a strong group.

00:54:19.440 --> 00:54:21.560
They are growing, basically.

00:54:21.640 --> 00:54:25.200
There's a lot of independent communities
who cooperate

00:54:25.280 --> 00:54:32.800
against the development process, which is
very virulent and very very market-led.

00:54:32.960 --> 00:54:37.200
I come to the second level,
which is the large site developments,

00:54:37.280 --> 00:54:39.760
and I just will show a few examples.

00:54:39.840 --> 00:54:44.840
A very famous one was the Docklands,
which in the 1980s, obviously,

00:54:44.920 --> 00:54:50.880
the docks had closed and the port has
moved out down yesterday and so forth.

00:54:50.960 --> 00:54:53.760
That's a real post-industrial site,
but which had a lot

00:54:53.840 --> 00:54:55.480
of controversy in its development.

00:54:55.560 --> 00:55:00.280
Thatcher just took the planning
powers away from the local authorities,

00:55:00.360 --> 00:55:03.480
away from the Greater Non Council,
gave it to a development corporation

00:55:03.560 --> 00:55:07.840
which was non-accountable and which made
it happen, basically,

00:55:07.920 --> 00:55:11.720
together with a developing industry.

00:55:12.240 --> 00:55:14.120
Here you have what happened.

00:55:14.200 --> 00:55:16.440
I mean, these are the...

00:55:16.640 --> 00:55:21.120
Do you see on the bottom and on the right?

00:55:21.200 --> 00:55:22.600
It wasn't empty.

00:55:22.680 --> 00:55:27.120
Of course, there were 40,000
inhabitants on an Isle of Dog alone.

00:55:27.200 --> 00:55:29.960
Of course, they were just ignored
and said, Okay, it's empty.

00:55:30.040 --> 00:55:33.680
We can just start from Tawula Raza,
which wasn't actually the case.

00:55:33.760 --> 00:55:35.800
There was a lot of fighting going on.

00:55:35.880 --> 00:55:40.360
The
top left image is what they are now

00:55:40.440 --> 00:55:43.560
planning to do,
the densification of this area,

00:55:43.640 --> 00:55:46.680
because which was only developed
for offices to start with,

00:55:46.760 --> 00:55:50.120
to compete with the city of London,
with the financial sector.

00:55:50.200 --> 00:55:53.960
But this is what is planned now.

00:55:56.320 --> 00:56:01.400
Now, another big development was
the Kings Cross railway land.

00:56:01.480 --> 00:56:04.080
Again, they used to have
even three stations there.

00:56:04.160 --> 00:56:08.720
All the stations in London
were head stations.

00:56:08.800 --> 00:56:13.360
There was a lot of land available
from the railway sidings and so forth,

00:56:13.440 --> 00:56:15.200
which was not in use, basically.

00:56:15.280 --> 00:56:17.400
Basically, and of course,
very valuable land because

00:56:17.480 --> 00:56:19.000
it's absolutely in the center.

00:56:19.080 --> 00:56:23.080
There was a development
push for a long time.

00:56:23.160 --> 00:56:29.000
On the right-hand side, you see the first
master plan which has been

00:56:29.080 --> 00:56:34.040
asked by the developer who managed to be
given that land, most of it.

00:56:34.120 --> 00:56:35.640
That was designed by Foster.

00:56:35.720 --> 00:56:36.880
It was called the Green Heart.

00:56:36.960 --> 00:56:39.400
It wasn't all that green,
by the way, but anyway.

00:56:39.480 --> 00:56:43.680
On the left-hand side,
you have the current development plan,

00:56:43.760 --> 00:56:47.920
which is now which the Arjan,
who are the developers at the moment

00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:51.520
and who actually are doing it,
they're implementing and they're building

00:56:51.600 --> 00:56:56.920
there with Elias and Morrison
have designed the master plan.

00:56:59.920 --> 00:57:04.480
Give me a break.

00:57:04.560 --> 00:57:06.800
This

00:57:09.400 --> 00:57:12.000
is another more recent development,

00:57:12.080 --> 00:57:14.760
so it makes me think of Bratislava.

00:57:14.840 --> 00:57:18.880
Look at our tower block syndrome.

00:57:18.960 --> 00:57:23.280
In fact, at the moment, there are full

00:57:25.320 --> 00:57:29.120
planning permissions for 360 skyscrapers

00:57:29.200 --> 00:57:32.200
along the in the pipeline in London.

00:57:32.280 --> 00:57:34.840
Just imagine what wall that will be.

00:57:34.920 --> 00:57:39.640
Quite the opposite as what we heard
is the strategy in North America,

00:57:39.720 --> 00:57:42.960
where they said, Well,
you should put the tall blocks in the back

00:57:43.040 --> 00:57:47.880
and you should descend to a commonly
used front of the water.

00:57:47.960 --> 00:57:49.440
That's not what you're doing.

00:57:49.520 --> 00:57:51.520
We're doing quite the opposite.

00:57:51.600 --> 00:57:57.560
By the way, the building on the bottom,
this one, is the American Embassy,

00:57:57.640 --> 00:57:59.800
which moved into that area.

00:57:59.880 --> 00:58:02.920
Since Since then,
it's pure speculative building.

00:58:03.000 --> 00:58:09.840
It is pure so-called investment of
money from wherever because there are

00:58:09.920 --> 00:58:13.400
no questions asked in the UK.
It's totally anonymous, totally secretive.

00:58:13.480 --> 00:58:17.400
It's extremely easy to park your
money in these type of things.

00:58:17.480 --> 00:58:20.080
Of course, not many of them are inhabited.

00:58:20.160 --> 00:58:23.280
If you go there, it's dark in the night.

00:58:23.400 --> 00:58:25.440
The other one was...

00:58:25.520 --> 00:58:26.840
Let me go back one.

00:58:28.120 --> 00:58:32.080
Yes, that was another very big
which is just being completed now.

00:58:32.160 --> 00:58:37.600
That was the power station in the west
of London, Batterie Power Station.

00:58:37.680 --> 00:58:40.080
Again, very long history,
over generations.

00:58:40.160 --> 00:58:44.480
It was standing empty for all that time,
and now it is being redeveloped.

00:58:44.560 --> 00:58:49.360
Same thing, you have a lot of new
buildings, very dense, very high,

00:58:49.440 --> 00:58:53.000
not a lot of sunlight, certainly
not a lot of daylight and so forth.

00:58:53.080 --> 00:58:58.920
All these planning construction laws
we have are pretty well ignored.

00:58:59.000 --> 00:59:03.320
But anyway, it's a must to develop,
so this is happening.

00:59:03.400 --> 00:59:07.560
They also benefit from the fact
that the underground has been extended.

00:59:07.640 --> 00:59:10.880
There is an actual station there,
so it's extremely well connected

00:59:10.960 --> 00:59:14.440
in the center with London.

00:59:15.560 --> 00:59:17.480
This is another example.

00:59:17.560 --> 00:59:21.240
That used to be the headquarters
of the Metropolitan Police.

00:59:21.320 --> 00:59:24.000
Land is very valuable,
so they were forced to sell it.

00:59:24.080 --> 00:59:29.360
This is the development which is
going on in these places.

00:59:29.440 --> 00:59:33.640
This is It's an example of housing
development along the Thames

00:59:33.720 --> 00:59:34.880
in the East End somewhere.

00:59:34.960 --> 00:59:39.560
So same thing, very high density, and
of course, housing which is not

00:59:39.640 --> 00:59:43.560
affordable, which is not social,
which is just market.

00:59:44.600 --> 00:59:47.960
The counterpoint to that is Covent Garden.

00:59:48.040 --> 00:59:53.560
You go there, it's like the environment
which the American has shown yesterday.

00:59:53.640 --> 00:59:55.200
It's very alive.

00:59:55.280 --> 00:59:57.720
There's a lot of people
there all the time.

00:59:57.800 --> 01:00:00.000
It's a place where people want to be.

01:00:00.080 --> 01:00:02.400
It is absolutely successful.

01:00:02.480 --> 01:00:04.480
But it wasn't demolished.

01:00:04.560 --> 01:00:10.400
But the GLC at the time had
decided to actually

01:00:10.480 --> 01:00:15.160
demolish it to the ground and put
motorways in there and an international

01:00:15.240 --> 01:00:17.680
conference center and a
multi-storey car park.

01:00:17.760 --> 01:00:19.560
So that was the big project.

01:00:19.640 --> 01:00:24.600
But there was an enormous protest,
including by people, including by us.

01:00:24.680 --> 01:00:29.520
We were living just up the road from there
and we successfully managed to stop it.

01:00:29.600 --> 01:00:34.080
This is one of the most
visited places in London.

01:00:34.200 --> 01:00:35.880
Here comes the architecture.

01:00:35.960 --> 01:00:42.840
We know the Chart from Piano,
the stadium for cycling,

01:00:42.920 --> 01:00:45.240
for the Olympic Games,

01:00:46.280 --> 01:00:51.520
the new theaters on the little green space

01:00:51.600 --> 01:00:53.720
spots which were still available
in central London,

01:00:53.800 --> 01:00:56.720
others which was demolishing and rebuilt.

01:00:56.800 --> 01:01:00.960
But anyway, there's a lot of internal You

01:01:02.000 --> 01:01:04.600
have the counterpoint, which is

01:01:04.680 --> 01:01:09.800
the Tate Modern, which was also a power
station and which has been completely

01:01:09.880 --> 01:01:13.880
reused as a very successful museum
with lots of visitors and so on.

01:01:13.960 --> 01:01:20.360
It's connected with a new
footbridge to the city of London.

01:01:21.600 --> 01:01:24.880
They are very different examples.

01:01:24.960 --> 01:01:28.360
No, this is the wrong way.

01:01:30.040 --> 01:01:35.200
Give me a break.

01:01:35.720 --> 01:01:40.320
This is more London, where
basically the headquarters were

01:01:40.400 --> 01:01:43.800
of the administration of the current
London

01:01:43.880 --> 01:01:49.000
mayor and the Greater London Authority
were, but they decided that the rent was

01:01:49.080 --> 01:01:53.400
too expensive, so they moved out
to the East End into this building,

01:01:53.480 --> 01:01:58.240
which was basically developed by Siemens
in order to have a permanent

01:01:58.320 --> 01:02:00.760
exhibition of sustainable cities.

01:02:00.840 --> 01:02:04.720
And sustainably, it didn't survive,
but now it is the administration

01:02:04.800 --> 01:02:08.160
of London in that place.

01:02:12.160 --> 01:02:15.720
The counterpoint for this architecture

01:02:15.800 --> 01:02:20.280
design, or glory, is the Elizabeth Line.

01:02:20.360 --> 01:02:23.840
This is the latest extension
of the underground system in London.

01:02:23.920 --> 01:02:28.640
It was designed and it got the RIBA
sterling price very recently.

01:02:28.720 --> 01:02:30.120
For the whole team, i.

01:02:30.200 --> 01:02:35.280
E, the architects who designed
the interiors and so on, and the

01:02:35.360 --> 01:02:38.280
developers and the engineers and so on.

01:02:38.360 --> 01:02:42.840
I thought that was an interesting
departure from just giving prizes

01:02:42.920 --> 01:02:47.840
to beautiful architecture building
to something which is much more integrated

01:02:47.920 --> 01:02:50.440
professionally, as Markus also mentioned.

01:02:50.520 --> 01:02:55.680
Without that, you cannot really
do development at this scale.

01:02:55.800 --> 01:03:01.640
I
would like to come just briefly back

01:03:01.720 --> 01:03:05.720
on to the meaning of metropolis because I
looked up the definitions,

01:03:05.800 --> 01:03:08.480
and there are as many as you like.

01:03:08.560 --> 01:03:12.960
We have our own if you want,
and that has come through also in the

01:03:13.040 --> 01:03:16.440
presentations over the last day and today.

01:03:16.520 --> 01:03:21.040
What it did, the bad metropolis,
was like the film of Fritz Lange.

01:03:21.120 --> 01:03:26.400
It was evoking fear and danger
and underground and pressure

01:03:26.480 --> 01:03:27.200
and all that stuff.

01:03:27.280 --> 01:03:30.080
The good metropolis,
which is described

01:03:30.160 --> 01:03:35.320
by Alexander Eisenschmied,
evokes freedom, liberty,

01:03:35.400 --> 01:03:37.560
flexibility, diversity, anonymity.

01:03:37.640 --> 01:03:40.160
I mean, rather ideal.

01:03:40.240 --> 01:03:44.760
But the Metropolitan reality
is slightly different.

01:03:44.840 --> 01:03:49.080
When you look at the world at large,
because I was talking about London

01:03:49.160 --> 01:03:52.440
metropolis within the European context,
but when you look at it,

01:03:52.520 --> 01:03:58.240
you have 85 largest megacities
which range from 37.7 million in Tokyo

01:03:58.320 --> 01:04:05.280
to 5.1 million, just the 81st in Asia,
in Africa, in Latin America, and so forth,

01:04:05.360 --> 01:04:06.720
some in North America as well.

01:04:06.800 --> 01:04:10.440
Then you have the megalopolis,
really the biggest,

01:04:10.520 --> 01:04:15.680
64% of them are in China and in the

01:04:15.760 --> 01:04:18.600
Americas and in Africa, and in Mena.

01:04:18.680 --> 01:04:23.400
So you can see that they are
in the new world, absolutely everywhere.

01:04:29.840 --> 01:04:36.160
So the typology was really that London was
a monocentric metropolis in relation

01:04:36.240 --> 01:04:39.800
to the nation state because it was the big
head like Paris or France and so on.

01:04:39.880 --> 01:04:43.400
And then all the other cities were much,
much smaller with much fewer

01:04:43.480 --> 01:04:45.560
international national functions.

01:04:45.640 --> 01:04:50.640
The polycentric metropolis,
I was thinking of Tri-City of Gdańsk,

01:04:50.720 --> 01:04:52.440
and I hope you're hearing
a little more about that.

01:04:52.520 --> 01:04:54.680
I was very interested in that concept.

01:04:54.760 --> 01:04:58.320
And then is what Hall called polyopolis,

01:04:58.400 --> 01:05:03.400
which are these huge regional big

01:05:03.480 --> 01:05:08.880
mega regions across, for example,
where London is part of Dublin, Paris,

01:05:08.960 --> 01:05:11.040
Brussels, Luxembourg, Randstad, and so on.

01:05:11.120 --> 01:05:16.760
Again, in that book of Hall,
they have tried to identify why

01:05:16.840 --> 01:05:20.520
they are connected and in what way.

01:05:20.600 --> 01:05:25.720
It's not just lines on the map,
it's more real.

01:05:25.800 --> 01:05:27.840
What are the characteristics?

01:05:27.920 --> 01:05:32.400
I think the reason why we have tension
between these three levels is

01:05:32.480 --> 01:05:36.760
that the architectural and the large
development one is basically planned,

01:05:36.840 --> 01:05:38.960
formed, order, static.

01:05:39.040 --> 01:05:42.000
This is given.
It's not once it's done.

01:05:42.080 --> 01:05:44.480
That's why if it's implemented,
it's like that.

01:05:44.560 --> 01:05:48.800
If not, It will not be implemented,
as we have seen a few times already.

01:05:48.880 --> 01:05:53.960
The metropolis is formless, borderless,
complex, dynamic,

01:05:54.040 --> 01:05:56.400
influenced by a multitude of forces.

01:05:56.480 --> 01:06:01.440
It has its eigenlife, so it will go
on developing developing the way it will.

01:06:01.520 --> 01:06:06.880
The question is, how do you
establish links between them?

01:06:11.560 --> 01:06:17.800
This is really the question, how
to connect the form and the formlessness.

01:06:19.040 --> 01:06:24.000
For me, I think what Porter is saying,
people make cities and cities make

01:06:24.080 --> 01:06:30.320
citizens, I think this still stands
as a real affirmation We

01:06:30.400 --> 01:06:32.920
had what are the events?

01:06:33.000 --> 01:06:38.440
They're unforeseeable
in the global context.

01:06:38.520 --> 01:06:42.760
How do cities respond to that?

01:06:42.840 --> 01:06:46.720
But we also have the manmade destruction
like wars and so forth, so we are

01:06:46.800 --> 01:06:49.280
not actually innocent as humans.

01:06:49.360 --> 01:06:50.840
Which are the actors?

01:06:50.920 --> 01:06:54.200
Of course, they are very multiple,
each one with their center

01:06:54.280 --> 01:06:55.440
of interest and so on.

01:06:55.520 --> 01:07:00.200
How to create some cooperation between
them is really the challenge, I think.

01:07:00.280 --> 01:07:01.960
Then which designers?

01:07:02.040 --> 01:07:04.960
Of course, we have a big
professional of the built environment,

01:07:05.040 --> 01:07:07.880
but we also have specialists
and ecologists, but we

01:07:07.960 --> 01:07:09.400
also have the city users.

01:07:09.480 --> 01:07:13.240
I think,
theoretically, they are supposed to be

01:07:13.320 --> 01:07:15.720
involved, but in practice,
this is not really happening, and maybe

01:07:15.800 --> 01:07:18.680
that might be something to reconsider.

01:07:18.760 --> 01:07:20.320
Thank you very much.

01:07:21.720 --> 01:07:24.840
Thank you so much, Judith.

01:07:26.280 --> 01:07:29.880
Of course, it is always a privilege

01:07:29.960 --> 01:07:35.040
to listen to such presentations.

01:07:35.120 --> 01:07:42.000
Judith was, in a way, and putting this
together with Marco's presentation.

01:07:42.080 --> 01:07:45.880
She was raising important issues related

01:07:45.960 --> 01:07:51.480
with how to spatial plan metropolis,

01:07:51.560 --> 01:07:58.880
how to put that or to match it together
with institutions, and how to introduce,

01:07:58.960 --> 01:08:05.640
Marco's referred to democracy,
Judith to community-led programs.

01:08:05.720 --> 01:08:10.520
We would need a lot more
time to discuss all these.

01:08:10.600 --> 01:08:18.280
I'm now giving the floor to Paweł, please.

01:08:18.360 --> 01:08:23.800
I'm afraid I cannot
pronunciate your name..

01:08:26.320 --> 01:08:33.440
Speak to you from this place because
on my whole day, I've my legs.

01:08:33.520 --> 01:08:39.080
By the way, I'd like to
pass my greeting to Eva Karowowicz,

01:08:39.160 --> 01:08:42.840
who has taught us how to create
a city without barriers.

01:08:42.920 --> 01:08:48.680
For a month, I've been having
problems climbing a single step stair.

01:08:48.760 --> 01:08:54.040
So thank you, Eva, for
your efforts in that direction.

01:08:54.720 --> 01:09:02.040
I'd like to share with you the fruits of
our work, but I'll start something

01:09:02.120 --> 01:09:06.040
with a plan that Macino Wiskij
has sketched for Warsaw in 1945.

01:09:06.120 --> 01:09:11.720
It was Warsaw
without the Palace of Culture, Warsaw,

01:09:11.800 --> 01:09:17.040
which had a true
city center within which would be located

01:09:17.120 --> 01:09:22.440
all the government buildings which were

01:09:22.520 --> 01:09:24.600
surrounded by parks in which would have

01:09:24.680 --> 01:09:29.960
sports
facilities, workplaces, and everything

01:09:30.040 --> 01:09:32.160
residential would be
outside of that district.

01:09:32.240 --> 01:09:35.680
Some of that plan was carried out

01:09:35.760 --> 01:09:42.800
in the formula of workplaces, of plans.

01:09:42.880 --> 01:09:46.880
Unfortunately, the plan was not
carried out in its green part.

01:09:46.960 --> 01:09:49.600
This is the location I was talking about,

01:09:49.680 --> 01:09:57.840
tovarova Street, one of the locations

01:09:57.920 --> 01:10:04.080
of the most intense development today.

01:10:04.160 --> 01:10:07.800
This is a picture from the year 2000.

01:10:07.880 --> 01:10:13.400
We started to design the city
in these empty post-industrial areas.

01:10:13.480 --> 01:10:16.960
In 2008, Steve Jobs came up
with an iPhone, and we started

01:10:17.040 --> 01:10:19.440
to think about the city.

01:10:21.880 --> 01:10:24.800
At that time, Michal Borowski,
who was the city architect at the time,

01:10:24.880 --> 01:10:31.400
planned a new district
located at the railway lands Part of that

01:10:31.480 --> 01:10:34.800
district was to be
the so-called 19th district.

01:10:34.880 --> 01:10:38.480
Warsaw has 18 districts.

01:10:39.280 --> 01:10:44.640
That's what we called our
project, the 19th district.

01:10:44.760 --> 01:10:52.000
It was a chance to build about a million
square meters

01:10:52.080 --> 01:10:54.240
right in the center of the city.

01:10:56.200 --> 01:10:59.320
It took two years to prepare the project.

01:10:59.400 --> 01:11:06.400
This the time when the city started to
work on its special plan.

01:11:06.480 --> 01:11:13.920
At the time we started building, actually,
the first homes we built, the buildings

01:11:14.320 --> 01:11:19.200
We got certain awards for the project.

01:11:19.480 --> 01:11:22.640
But then the city was starting to look
for projects which were not

01:11:22.720 --> 01:11:25.160
separated from the city,
which were not fenced off,

01:11:25.240 --> 01:11:29.840
which allowed for access
to service centers

01:11:30.520 --> 01:11:35.520
in which a city in the city be created.

01:11:35.600 --> 01:11:41.320
We like to say that we like to build
streets, squares, plazas,

01:11:42.360 --> 01:11:46.160
but we also like, and this project shows
it,

01:11:46.240 --> 01:11:51.920
we like to plant it in such a way
and build it in such a way so that the

01:11:52.000 --> 01:11:53.880
spaces can be used right from the start.

01:11:53.960 --> 01:11:59.800
For example,
here we've planted over 200 trees.

01:11:59.880 --> 01:12:08.120
On the other hand,
the city needs only not to be useful

01:12:08.200 --> 01:12:10.160
and durable, but also beautiful.

01:12:10.240 --> 01:12:12.080
This is what's important for us.

01:12:12.160 --> 01:12:15.800
We want the city to be durable.

01:12:15.880 --> 01:12:21.720
We try to convince our investors
to use good quality materials.

01:12:22.160 --> 01:12:24.760
In this single office, in a number of...

01:12:24.840 --> 01:12:26.040
I work in a number of teams.

01:12:26.120 --> 01:12:29.920
We've created seven designs.

01:12:30.280 --> 01:12:37.320
We like the effect of our work because we
were able, aside from what we call

01:12:37.720 --> 01:12:42.920
houses, architecture, we were
able to build the space in between

01:12:43.000 --> 01:12:48.080
buildings, a space pleasant for living.

01:12:48.800 --> 01:12:53.400
The year 2020,
Russia is attacking Ukraine.

01:12:53.480 --> 01:12:58.120
At that point, we
were finishing up the Koshiki Hall

01:12:58.200 --> 01:13:04.000
with griffit, developers, which

01:13:04.080 --> 01:13:06.520
purchased area close to that location.

01:13:06.600 --> 01:13:09.440
By the way, this is where Máči Nowiski
in his first plan wanted to have these

01:13:09.520 --> 01:13:15.040
green parks and factories
providing employment.

01:13:15.120 --> 01:13:22.680
Other four hectares in the city center.

01:13:22.760 --> 01:13:29.160
This design is called Warsaw Brewery,

01:13:29.680 --> 01:13:30.800
because in the past, this is

01:13:30.880 --> 01:13:32.720
where Warsaw Brewery was located.

01:13:32.800 --> 01:13:36.920
Unfortunately,
when we came to the project, only

01:13:37.000 --> 01:13:41.480
remnants of the old brewery were left.

01:13:41.560 --> 01:13:48.280
We tried to use whatever remained to

01:13:48.360 --> 01:13:52.160
utilize it for that new city.

01:13:52.240 --> 01:13:55.760
This is the project which took us seven,

01:13:55.840 --> 01:13:59.760
eight years to complete.

01:13:59.840 --> 01:14:03.440
I think we can be proud of it,
and I invite you to visit it.

01:14:03.520 --> 01:14:07.880
Of course, we get awards for it,
but the greatest source of satisfaction

01:14:07.960 --> 01:14:10.960
for us and the greatest award is the fact
that simply people like

01:14:11.040 --> 01:14:12.360
to visit the place.

01:14:13.320 --> 01:14:14.800
They feel well there.

01:14:15.640 --> 01:14:20.200
Quite an important moment
in our life, 2019, COVID hits.

01:14:20.280 --> 01:14:23.880
This is a conference on 2021

01:14:23.960 --> 01:14:28.360
when we would be sitting in face masks.

01:14:28.440 --> 01:14:33.040
This is the moment where Ingles We
finished designing a large

01:14:34.800 --> 01:14:36.840
shopping center in the center of Warsaw.

01:14:36.920 --> 01:14:41.040
Unfortunately, COVID
basically put stop to that.

01:14:41.120 --> 01:14:44.240
Shopping malls were put to stop.

01:14:44.400 --> 01:14:50.760
This is an important moment because that's
when Russia once again attacks Ukraine.

01:14:51.120 --> 01:15:00.000
We started to build in that location.
This is the Tovarova Street.

01:15:00.080 --> 01:15:04.600
This is a completely different
project for us because we approach

01:15:04.680 --> 01:15:08.680
the area in such a way
to create along the most

01:15:08.920 --> 01:15:13.920
urbanized center to create a composition
of tall buildings around the central park

01:15:14.000 --> 01:15:18.960
and what is outside

01:15:19.440 --> 01:15:21.800
would be used to create a scale

01:15:21.880 --> 01:15:25.840
reflecting the existing city.

01:15:27.240 --> 01:15:30.640
This is the location where we
completed the project.

01:15:30.720 --> 01:15:33.720
This is the site of the old printing

01:15:33.800 --> 01:15:38.360
plant, which were built before the war.

01:15:38.440 --> 01:15:40.240
That period before the war, it was a very

01:15:40.320 --> 01:15:48.120
dense buildup with Wojcowski trading Hall.

01:15:48.200 --> 01:15:53.240
We entered a project when the city
was already planning in that area.

01:15:53.320 --> 01:16:01.040
They first wanted to have a shopping
gallery, then a city fabric.

01:16:02.560 --> 01:16:03.880
Now, let me go back for a watch.

01:16:03.960 --> 01:16:06.680
The first example from the
19th district when we were starting,

01:16:06.760 --> 01:16:08.000
we didn't have a special plan.

01:16:08.080 --> 01:16:10.640
As I said, Michal Borowski started
to work on it at the time.

01:16:10.720 --> 01:16:18.000
That was 2008 in 2022.

01:16:18.080 --> 01:16:22.280
Special plan was actually presented.

01:16:22.360 --> 01:16:28.000
This is the moment
when the Warsaw Brewery did have

01:16:28.080 --> 01:16:32.880
the zoning plan, special plan
created by Jan Gampa.

01:16:32.960 --> 01:16:37.720
We've used that plan and we built a
course of brewery based on that plan.

01:16:37.800 --> 01:16:43.360
The project for which
the city was preparing a

01:16:43.440 --> 01:16:44.400
project for a shopping gallery.

01:16:44.480 --> 01:16:48.600
When We started working
together with the city.

01:16:48.680 --> 01:16:53.520
We started to prepare
a land use plan once again.

01:16:53.600 --> 01:16:56.720
We
started thinking also how we should

01:16:56.800 --> 01:17:02.840
approach the planning these days
in a way that considers climatic issues,

01:17:02.920 --> 01:17:06.640
where we think about where it's warm,
where it's hot, where it's cold,

01:17:06.720 --> 01:17:09.160
where it's dry, where it's wet, et cetera.

01:17:09.240 --> 01:17:13.760
We've done a lot of analytical work,
but we've also very much

01:17:13.840 --> 01:17:16.720
impressed by what we saw in that place.

01:17:16.800 --> 01:17:22.560
It's a picture from one of these
factory halls, which was

01:17:22.640 --> 01:17:26.440
well in that condition when we saw it,
but we wanted to transform

01:17:26.520 --> 01:17:30.120
it into this park Pergola.

01:17:30.600 --> 01:17:36.800
It's a great idea, I think, to
keep that post-industrial character using

01:17:36.880 --> 01:17:41.320
these steel construction elements to
create this park.

01:17:41.400 --> 01:17:47.840
These are slides On these slides,
you can see the visualizations.

01:17:47.920 --> 01:17:50.640
They were actually constructing,
constructing these houses,

01:17:50.720 --> 01:17:52.440
constructing the park.

01:17:53.040 --> 01:17:58.000
In that first project, the investor
basically demol everything that was there.

01:17:58.080 --> 01:18:04.680
In the second, nearly everything or
rather he bought the land when pretty

01:18:05.200 --> 01:18:05.760
much everything was demolished.

01:18:05.840 --> 01:18:09.520
But in this case,
we were able to convince the investor not

01:18:09.600 --> 01:18:12.480
to demolish everything,
but to actually use some of these elements

01:18:12.560 --> 01:18:16.120
to carry out the park element.

01:18:16.920 --> 01:18:22.800
For us, the project mostly concentrates
on building what's in between the plazas,

01:18:22.880 --> 01:18:27.200
the squares, et cetera, so that it forms a

01:18:27.280 --> 01:18:30.560
nice, usable, friendly environment.

01:18:30.640 --> 01:18:35.560
We are
very much inspired by the post-industry

01:18:35.640 --> 01:18:41.760
architecture, trying to use these
details in new designs, new projects.

01:18:41.840 --> 01:18:44.640
This is something we are doing
for the first time, by the way.

01:18:44.720 --> 01:18:49.800
We want to use the rubble

01:18:49.880 --> 01:18:54.640
that is left after demolition to produce

01:18:55.640 --> 01:19:02.520
new materials on the spot, out of which we
create elements of floors, facades.

01:19:02.600 --> 01:19:05.360
It's quite interesting, by the way,
because when this

01:19:05.440 --> 01:19:09.320
printing plant was created in 46,
that's what it was built on from

01:19:09.400 --> 01:19:12.800
the rubble of destroyed Warsaw.

01:19:12.880 --> 01:19:17.600
It's recycling, once again, of
the spawn in the plant.

01:19:17.680 --> 01:19:25.080
On this slide, you can see
the locations of our street project.

01:19:25.160 --> 01:19:31.560
We have subway lines there,
we have good access railway lines.

01:19:31.640 --> 01:19:37.360
But today we're talking about Warsaw,
which is a polycentric in nature.

01:19:37.440 --> 01:19:43.720
I think Warsaw is a good place to live,
good place to work because it's

01:19:43.800 --> 01:19:49.280
a city which has many centers,
it has many places where you can

01:19:49.360 --> 01:19:55.640
spend your time,
where you can start creating certain

01:19:55.720 --> 01:20:00.320
interconnected places, linked
by these passages.

01:20:00.400 --> 01:20:03.440
In our work, we
want to look for these interconnections,

01:20:03.520 --> 01:20:08.920
the passages which allow for
connecting these many local centers.

01:20:09.000 --> 01:20:13.560
In the year 2024,

01:20:14.280 --> 01:20:19.520
SpaceX rocket lands on Earth, and I

01:20:19.600 --> 01:20:22.800
think this is a turning point as well.

01:20:22.880 --> 01:20:28.960
Hopefully, we are not going to lose
a chance.

01:20:29.040 --> 01:20:33.440
I born when 4 billion people
were walking on the planet.

01:20:33.520 --> 01:20:37.120
Now, there are 8 million,
and that number is increasing.

01:20:37.200 --> 01:20:41.720
It's very often growing in places
where it's difficult to live.

01:20:41.800 --> 01:20:47.040
I think we have to prepare our cities
to take in a lot of new residents.

01:20:47.120 --> 01:20:51.200
The last example, the Kdańsk Shipyard.

01:20:51.280 --> 01:20:55.640
This is the project
where we are very happy.

01:20:55.720 --> 01:21:02.120
This is the first time when it's consulted
very widely by the habitants, by city

01:21:02.200 --> 01:21:09.320
dwellers, and also the city
residents have their voice here.

01:21:09.720 --> 01:21:13.920
I'm very happy to
represent our office today.

01:21:14.000 --> 01:21:18.000
I like also the fact that in our office,
we're a multi-generational

01:21:18.080 --> 01:21:19.280
office in nature.

01:21:19.360 --> 01:21:23.280
It was founded by
Jurek Dziekowski or Jagewo.

01:21:23.360 --> 01:21:26.360
We were working together now with...

01:21:26.440 --> 01:21:32.000
Well, I was born 1971, and
they were drawing up Bursin of back then,

01:21:32.400 --> 01:21:37.400
a residential district today, along
with us, many other people who we are

01:21:37.880 --> 01:21:39.520
drawing up next fragments of Warsaw.
Thank you very much.

01:21:39.600 --> 01:21:44.480
Thank you very much, Pavel,
for a very interesting presentation,

01:21:45.000 --> 01:21:50.040
ranging from public space to buildings to

01:21:50.480 --> 01:21:53.720
fabricating new materials and to

01:21:53.800 --> 01:21:57.760
presenting your multi-generational team.
It was lovely.

01:21:57.840 --> 01:21:59.360
Thank you very much.

01:21:59.440 --> 01:22:06.560
So I think we still have
two presentations ahead of us.

01:22:08.600 --> 01:22:15.000
Bartosz is going to present,
and we still have another one.

01:22:15.080 --> 01:22:17.560
Thank you so much and welcome.

01:22:17.640 --> 01:22:24.040
Thank you for making it possible

01:22:24.120 --> 01:22:27.480
for me to meet you and participate.

01:22:27.560 --> 01:22:30.640
It's fantastic.

01:22:30.720 --> 01:22:31.920
This meeting.

01:22:33.000 --> 01:22:39.200
Thank you for enabling me to share a few
experiences of mine that are related

01:22:39.280 --> 01:22:41.840
to the studies that I carried out.

01:22:41.920 --> 01:22:46.360
And those studies concerned the
TEOD strategy.

01:22:46.440 --> 01:22:52.760
I studied the planning of connecting
the planning of housing developments

01:22:52.840 --> 01:22:56.680
with public transportation.

01:22:57.040 --> 01:23:03.680
Why did I even decide
to carry out the research.

01:23:06.280 --> 01:23:10.080
The
Chief Supervisory Committee

01:23:10.160 --> 01:23:13.560
reached a report,
and what followed from this report was

01:23:13.640 --> 01:23:18.760
that in Poland there is a surplus of areas

01:23:18.840 --> 01:23:21.480
that are to be covered

01:23:21.560 --> 01:23:23.640
with new developments.

01:23:24.720 --> 01:23:30.120
I thought whether there was any
possibility to rationalize

01:23:30.200 --> 01:23:33.240
the number of those areas

01:23:33.320 --> 01:23:38.760
that municipalities decide to then

01:23:38.960 --> 01:23:41.280
use as potentially

01:23:45.600 --> 01:23:50.480
meant to be passed over to developers

01:23:51.000 --> 01:23:54.840
for them to build new
housing in other buildings.

01:23:54.920 --> 01:23:59.640
Trident-oriented development is
a strategy that I want to focus on today.

01:23:59.720 --> 01:24:04.000
The TEOD itself is rather contemporary,

01:24:04.080 --> 01:24:07.200
but it stems from an idea

01:24:07.280 --> 01:24:09.800
that dates back to the 19th century.

01:24:09.880 --> 01:24:16.280
That idea is related to a garden city.

01:24:18.360 --> 01:24:23.280
The
examples of implantations are to be

01:24:23.360 --> 01:24:28.760
tracked back to the first half of the 20th
century in projects such as the function

01:24:28.840 --> 01:24:31.960
of Warsaw from 1934 or finger

01:24:32.040 --> 01:24:37.280
plan of Copenhagen from '47.

01:24:37.360 --> 01:24:43.840
The idea behind my studies,
the rationale behind it, was an assumption

01:24:43.920 --> 01:24:50.880
that You can objectively define criteria
for the successful implementation

01:24:50.960 --> 01:24:52.520
of to use strategy.

01:24:52.600 --> 01:24:58.520
Those criteria can be then used
to define a set of parameters that would

01:24:58.600 --> 01:25:05.280
rationalize and on functional
and logical development of urban spaces.

01:25:05.360 --> 01:25:11.000
It stems from the observation
that the success factors for to allow

01:25:11.280 --> 01:25:18.040
for achieving effective,
high quality dense spatial structures.

01:25:18.120 --> 01:25:23.880
Another argument for adopting this
an assumption is that in the TD strategy

01:25:23.960 --> 01:25:28.000
itself, the basic assessment tools
for the potential of a certain settlement

01:25:28.080 --> 01:25:32.920
area in terms of its Ecosy readiness,
the so-called Todd Index,

01:25:33.000 --> 01:25:37.800
encompass both
a component related to transport

01:25:37.880 --> 01:25:43.880
infrastructure and the one describing the
state of development, spatial development.

01:25:43.960 --> 01:25:50.120
As a result, of analysis
that I carried out using available

01:25:50.200 --> 01:25:53.680
bibliographical materials,
all sorts of collaborations,

01:25:53.760 --> 01:25:59.360
I identified a number of parameters
resulting both to the potential related to

01:25:59.440 --> 01:26:03.320
railway infrastructure,
because this is what I wanted to focus

01:26:03.400 --> 01:26:07.440
on myself,
the state of developing a given area,

01:26:07.520 --> 01:26:10.440
spatial development,
also taking into account what is

01:26:10.520 --> 01:26:12.080
planned to be developed there.

01:26:12.160 --> 01:26:15.680
The first parameter that I
identified is purposeful.

01:26:15.760 --> 01:26:20.800
This parameter is about

01:26:20.880 --> 01:26:23.920
calculating the proportion between dense

01:26:24.000 --> 01:26:27.040
development existing and the one plant.

01:26:27.120 --> 01:26:31.680
High density building area is what I I
called those areas,

01:26:31.760 --> 01:26:35.280
and I identified them on the basis
of an algorithm that grouped

01:26:35.360 --> 01:26:38.880
together the existing developments.

01:26:40.440 --> 01:26:44.640
I just wanted to make a note here.

01:26:44.760 --> 01:26:47.800
This algorithm made it possible for me

01:26:47.880 --> 01:26:51.880
to define a new way of defining density

01:26:51.960 --> 01:26:58.160
of population, because the one used today
is that an average is calculated

01:26:58.240 --> 01:27:04.520
when you compare number of people the area
of a given municipality, which really

01:27:04.600 --> 01:27:09.800
is not the best method of showing where
the population really concentrates,

01:27:09.880 --> 01:27:12.120
where the greatest density actually is.

01:27:12.200 --> 01:27:17.760
Another parameter is justification.

01:27:17.840 --> 01:27:22.360
That's a proportion of all the investment
areas to those that are available

01:27:22.440 --> 01:27:28.240
to an accessible in terms of the vicinity,
for example, railway station.

01:27:28.320 --> 01:27:33.360
The third one is about planning potential.

01:27:33.440 --> 01:27:38.440
You might wonder why I came up with all
these ideas for the parameters.

01:27:38.520 --> 01:27:40.440
Well, actually, the labels don't matter.

01:27:40.520 --> 01:27:42.880
You could call them one, two, three, four.

01:27:42.960 --> 01:27:45.960
But I cared for them to at least

01:27:46.040 --> 01:27:50.960
to a minimum degree reflect certain

01:27:51.040 --> 01:27:53.720
semantic field they consent.

01:27:53.800 --> 01:27:59.480
But it's more important is that to assess
the samples in terms of particular

01:27:59.560 --> 01:28:02.880
parameters Because I decided to rely

01:28:02.960 --> 01:28:07.640
on a four-point enforced choice

01:28:07.720 --> 01:28:12.600
scale, I wanted to get the results on both
one or the other side of the scale.

01:28:12.680 --> 01:28:17.840
This four-degrees scale of assessment made
it possible for me to differentiate

01:28:17.920 --> 01:28:22.760
the results,
something that I could not have done if I

01:28:22.840 --> 01:28:26.640
just decided on a binary assessment scale.

01:28:26.720 --> 01:28:31.520
Now, when you look at this chart,
you will notice the results

01:28:31.600 --> 01:28:34.640
of the first three studies carried out.

01:28:34.720 --> 01:28:39.440
We can see that the top ranking ones are

01:28:39.520 --> 01:28:43.600
very small municipalities of the urban

01:28:43.680 --> 01:28:46.840
functional area, and this
is what I mostly focused on.

01:28:46.920 --> 01:28:53.120
I wanted to verify how municipalities
of this urban functional area that is

01:28:53.200 --> 01:28:59.240
Pozna and Metropolis, to what extent they
actually meet the Tod index conditions.

01:28:59.320 --> 01:29:04.680
It It seems that the small municipalities,
it appears that small municipalities

01:29:04.760 --> 01:29:13.520
that are best integrated with the central
city actually score highest.

01:29:15.080 --> 01:29:18.960
I'm going to speed up a bit
as the time is running out.

01:29:19.040 --> 01:29:22.360
Further in my studies,
I focus on an attempt to define

01:29:22.440 --> 01:29:27.320
the centers of gravity for the development
because I see them as important.

01:29:27.400 --> 01:29:32.680
They show us in which places of those
dense complexes,

01:29:32.920 --> 01:29:38.560
various densification of place,
that a population of urban

01:29:38.640 --> 01:29:43.240
development of the urban grid.

01:29:43.320 --> 01:29:49.600
On this basis, I was able
to identify various, again, scores.

01:29:49.680 --> 01:29:55.120
The last stage concerned further three
parameters that related more to

01:29:55.200 --> 01:29:58.160
the way in which we perceive space.

01:29:58.240 --> 01:30:02.480
What I meant was the public space
connecting a

01:30:02.560 --> 01:30:04.920
communication or transportation node with

01:30:05.000 --> 01:30:10.280
the center of a given area that I studied.

01:30:10.360 --> 01:30:13.840
Here,
I used

01:30:13.920 --> 01:30:17.640
a photograph traffic analysis in order to

01:30:17.720 --> 01:30:24.920
specify how dense a given urban area is.

01:30:25.000 --> 01:30:29.240
I'm not going to dwell
on technicalities here.

01:30:29.320 --> 01:30:35.120
Anyhow, What I came up with was
a calculation of how those

01:30:35.200 --> 01:30:38.880
connecting spaces,
those connecting transportation with urban

01:30:38.960 --> 01:30:44.200
development centers, how attractive
they are, what offer they have.

01:30:44.280 --> 01:30:47.200
I I'll try to calculate it all.

01:30:47.280 --> 01:30:52.000
Summing up, I'd like to emphasize

01:30:52.080 --> 01:30:55.840
that the outcome is as follows.

01:30:55.920 --> 01:31:01.840
Most of the municipalities I studied
within the Poznań metropolis shows a clear

01:31:01.920 --> 01:31:07.480
trend for locating in the area of average

01:31:07.560 --> 01:31:13.360
potential, both in terms of the actual
site,

01:31:13.440 --> 01:31:19.920
so the area and also the load itself.

01:31:20.000 --> 01:31:25.560
Additionally, they are in the field
of balance between those two potentials.

01:31:25.640 --> 01:31:30.360
What that means is that for further
development, what one will need is

01:31:30.440 --> 01:31:36.360
external stimuli in order to get those

01:31:36.440 --> 01:31:38.480
entities, those units out

01:31:38.560 --> 01:31:40.600
of the state of equilibrium.

01:31:40.680 --> 01:31:44.640
I assume and predict that this development

01:31:44.720 --> 01:31:48.400
will be stimulated by compensating

01:31:48.480 --> 01:31:51.880
the differential potentials.

01:31:51.960 --> 01:31:57.680
Summing up, I
also form a different recommendations

01:31:58.400 --> 01:32:02.840
concerning the development both of
transportation infrastructure

01:32:02.920 --> 01:32:07.440
and development of
the new developments plan.

01:32:07.520 --> 01:32:12.360
These recommendations relates
to developmental models

01:32:12.440 --> 01:32:15.480
stemming from the Tod index level.

01:32:15.560 --> 01:32:22.400
At the very last remark,
I'd like to stress that

01:32:22.480 --> 01:32:29.840
the parameters that I suggested
can prove very useful

01:32:29.920 --> 01:32:36.440
in evaluating how the absorption potential
for development,

01:32:36.520 --> 01:32:43.160
they can be used to formulate the main
guidelines in over local and local

01:32:43.240 --> 01:32:45.040
development strategies.

01:32:45.120 --> 01:32:49.600
There's a challenge that actually goes
in line with the change

01:32:49.680 --> 01:32:51.680
of the planning system in Poland.

01:32:51.760 --> 01:32:55.000
Since this tool is universal, it

01:32:55.080 --> 01:32:59.320
can be applied to create general plans.

01:32:59.400 --> 01:33:04.200
For
the presentation, Bartóć,

01:33:04.280 --> 01:33:11.000
relating or exploring different parameters

01:33:11.160 --> 01:33:17.480
within the DOD index to Poznian and

01:33:17.560 --> 01:33:23.240
the potentiality of planning
and what we can learn and what

01:33:23.320 --> 01:33:27.200
can be recommended further on.

01:33:27.280 --> 01:33:34.320
We are going Coming towards our
last presentation of this session.

01:33:34.400 --> 01:33:37.480
Alexander Orlowski, please.

01:33:37.560 --> 01:33:39.960
The floor is yours.

01:33:41.160 --> 01:33:44.000
Thank you very much for keeping your time.

01:33:44.080 --> 01:33:46.720
Yours and yours.
Thank you very much.

01:33:46.800 --> 01:33:47.920
Can you hear me?

01:33:48.000 --> 01:33:50.000
Now it works.
Thank you for the introduction.

01:33:50.080 --> 01:33:52.920
I promise I won't take more than 15
of your minutes, so just

01:33:53.000 --> 01:33:55.880
let me start the Timer.

01:33:58.880 --> 01:34:01.680
I was confused to which language should I
use, so the presentation will be in Polish

01:34:01.760 --> 01:34:05.120
because you all have the translation.

01:34:05.200 --> 01:34:09.400
Ladies
and gentlemen, today,

01:34:09.480 --> 01:34:13.440
I'd love to tell you about something that,
looking at the presentations we've already

01:34:13.520 --> 01:34:19.400
heard, is not strictly directly related
to architecture or urban planning.

01:34:19.480 --> 01:34:24.080
But looking at the presentations we've
seen today, I

01:34:24.160 --> 01:34:29.600
smiled at by myself because actually each
of them draw upon something I

01:34:29.680 --> 01:34:31.760
wanted to reflect on as well.

01:34:31.840 --> 01:34:35.280
I will not talk about architecture
directly, but I would

01:34:35.360 --> 01:34:36.840
like to focus on data.

01:34:36.920 --> 01:34:40.240
Data seems from the point of view
of a metropolis and how we

01:34:40.320 --> 01:34:43.520
can really draw from the data.

01:34:43.600 --> 01:34:47.840
The first presentation told us about maps
that contain a huge amount

01:34:47.920 --> 01:34:50.000
of data, statistical data.

01:34:50.080 --> 01:34:53.240
But talking about planning,
talking about all sorts of contemporary

01:34:53.320 --> 01:34:57.640
buildings,
every month so often we refer to data

01:34:57.720 --> 01:35:03.560
that we want to have and rely on the data
that need to be current, not

01:35:03.640 --> 01:35:07.360
data from last year,
but data from yesterday or

01:35:07.440 --> 01:35:09.640
from three or four minutes ago.

01:35:09.720 --> 01:35:13.800
Here the question arises,
how possibly can we manage

01:35:13.880 --> 01:35:16.800
those collections,
those sets of data to be able to manage

01:35:16.880 --> 01:35:18.880
the city and plan new investments?

01:35:18.960 --> 01:35:24.520
Not from the point of view of a single
city, but from the point of view of this

01:35:24.600 --> 01:35:26.760
approach in which we
talk about metropolis.

01:35:26.840 --> 01:35:32.120
So a collection of few or several urban
centers that operate

01:35:32.200 --> 01:35:34.880
more or less in unison.

01:35:34.960 --> 01:35:39.600
Now, what I wanted to focus on to begin
with in the title, you'll

01:35:39.680 --> 01:35:42.240
find the Fries Smart City.

01:35:42.320 --> 01:35:45.600
And again,
in the majority of presentations, we would

01:35:45.680 --> 01:35:48.040
hear about this technological element.

01:35:48.120 --> 01:35:49.960
The population of the city,
very often we will say,

01:35:50.040 --> 01:35:52.200
The technology will make up for that.

01:35:52.280 --> 01:35:53.760
It will or won't.

01:35:53.840 --> 01:35:57.320
Booking or our Airbnb are
also examples of technologies.

01:35:57.400 --> 01:36:02.040
On the other hand,
anything that concerns climate change,

01:36:02.240 --> 01:36:07.080
very often we will get a response
in the form to this effect.

01:36:07.160 --> 01:36:08.280
Well, technology equals smart city.

01:36:08.360 --> 01:36:09.520
What is smart city?

01:36:09.600 --> 01:36:11.560
Well, nearly everything is smart today.

01:36:11.640 --> 01:36:17.320
We have smartphones, we have smart phones,
we have smart fridges, refrigerators,

01:36:17.400 --> 01:36:19.320
ordering food when
we're running out of it.

01:36:19.400 --> 01:36:22.600
We've got smart dust bins,
smart buildings.

01:36:22.680 --> 01:36:25.840
Then a question arises,
do we want to have intelligent

01:36:25.920 --> 01:36:28.240
and smart people in those cities?

01:36:28.320 --> 01:36:34.200
Now, planning the developments, we really
should take the smart factor into account.

01:36:34.280 --> 01:36:35.600
Where is a smart city then?

01:36:35.680 --> 01:36:39.080
It's a city that's supposed
to be aware of technologies.

01:36:39.160 --> 01:36:42.280
That means it should know what
technologies are available,

01:36:42.360 --> 01:36:47.040
what technologies can be applied,
but also it should know which technologies

01:36:47.120 --> 01:36:51.560
we are ready to adopt in terms of human
resources that will know how to use them

01:36:51.640 --> 01:36:54.760
in terms of defining the procedures,
because we all know the cases in which we

01:36:54.840 --> 01:36:58.280
have electronic data transfer,
but we haven't changed procedures

01:36:58.360 --> 01:37:02.000
in public institutions,
so we accept everything digitally, but we

01:37:02.080 --> 01:37:03.560
need to print it out and sign it anyway.

01:37:03.640 --> 01:37:06.080
Well, that's not the way to go.

01:37:06.160 --> 01:37:11.320
This awareness of which stage we are
at manifestsates in any stage

01:37:11.400 --> 01:37:15.520
of the operations of the city's
governance within the city hall,

01:37:15.600 --> 01:37:21.320
planning investments, preparing urban
architectural investments as well.

01:37:21.400 --> 01:37:28.000
The challenge today is
how to implement these concepts from

01:37:28.080 --> 01:37:31.600
the point of view of a single
city a single town hall.

01:37:31.680 --> 01:37:35.960
When we look at the reality of the cities
that are greatly experienced in such

01:37:36.040 --> 01:37:41.360
concepts, I'm talking about cities
such as Amsterdam, Copenhagen.

01:37:41.440 --> 01:37:44.280
Then we talk about metropolis, really.

01:37:44.360 --> 01:37:48.640
We are talking about a city and
the outskirts of the city.

01:37:48.720 --> 01:37:51.720
In the title, I use the word challenge.

01:37:51.800 --> 01:37:53.640
What challenges are we facing?

01:37:53.720 --> 01:37:57.040
First of all, let me pose a few questions.

01:37:57.120 --> 01:38:03.560
Who is supposed to set smart
city-related policies in a given city?

01:38:03.640 --> 01:38:07.040
For that not to be too abstract, who,
for example, is supposed to define

01:38:07.120 --> 01:38:12.360
the standards on what data and in what
format we should collect them?

01:38:12.440 --> 01:38:15.600
Who should shape the strategy,
understanding the implementation

01:38:15.680 --> 01:38:16.880
of particular procedures?

01:38:16.960 --> 01:38:22.320
Usually, we adopt the strategy for a city,
but if a city has, for example,

01:38:22.400 --> 01:38:25.800
450,000 inhabitants,
and around it there are towns,

01:38:25.880 --> 01:38:31.120
even dynamic metropole,
such as Strashen or Kosa Kovo,

01:38:31.200 --> 01:38:36.640
then we have cities of several thousands
of habitants around the very central one.

01:38:36.720 --> 01:38:41.440
Then the question pops up,
how to exchange data across those

01:38:41.520 --> 01:38:43.600
different urban entities, urban units.

01:38:43.680 --> 01:38:47.760
Today, we say that single cities
are silo-like.

01:38:47.840 --> 01:38:50.280
Transportation data are
in the transportation division.

01:38:50.360 --> 01:38:55.880
Those on environmental pollution
are in the environmental department.

01:38:55.960 --> 01:39:00.840
Oftentimes, when we want to compile
the data, we find hard because we

01:39:00.920 --> 01:39:03.720
have no access to data in silos.

01:39:03.800 --> 01:39:07.600
We want to talk about a degree
that is one level higher.

01:39:07.680 --> 01:39:11.200
For example, when we want to talk about
the development of transport in a new

01:39:11.280 --> 01:39:13.800
district, we want to have the data
concerning the city and we want

01:39:13.880 --> 01:39:15.720
to know what happens abroad.

01:39:15.800 --> 01:39:18.800
What format of data,
what exchange procedures should we have?

01:39:18.880 --> 01:39:20.240
Who should decide on that?

01:39:20.320 --> 01:39:23.960
Now, cooperation between city dwellers.

01:39:24.040 --> 01:39:27.480
If I live in Sopot but work in Gdańsk,
then social consultations

01:39:27.560 --> 01:39:29.120
are supposed to concern whom?

01:39:29.200 --> 01:39:32.320
In Gdynia, somebody who lived
in a different district who was

01:39:32.400 --> 01:39:33.640
not supposed to have a say.

01:39:33.720 --> 01:39:37.000
How about people sharing their lives
and work between different cities?

01:39:37.080 --> 01:39:39.600
How to use technologies?
What data to rely on?

01:39:39.680 --> 01:39:43.760
And again, here a question should
be asked that we've heard already

01:39:43.840 --> 01:39:46.040
in previous presentations.

01:39:46.120 --> 01:39:48.440
What is the role
of particular stakeholders?

01:39:48.520 --> 01:39:51.640
Is it the metropolis metropolis
and maybe broadly understood state?

01:39:51.720 --> 01:39:54.920
These are the questions, just
the preliminary questions.

01:39:55.000 --> 01:39:58.480
Now, as mentioned today,
from the point of view of creating

01:39:58.560 --> 01:40:04.040
projects that you've also mentioned, this
siloed factor comes as a huge challenge.

01:40:04.120 --> 01:40:09.960
This is a simple organizational chart,
a simple one, of one of the institutions

01:40:10.040 --> 01:40:11.440
from Wrapswell.

01:40:12.600 --> 01:40:16.800
You see how isolated
particular functions are.

01:40:16.880 --> 01:40:19.080
Our goal is to integrate
data in as much as possible.

01:40:19.160 --> 01:40:22.160
By integrating the data,
when we create a project

01:40:22.240 --> 01:40:25.880
of a transportation system,
we can consider data on education,

01:40:25.960 --> 01:40:28.680
how many people commit to schools,
for example, that are the

01:40:28.760 --> 01:40:33.000
data on the value on a particular land,
and for example,

01:40:33.080 --> 01:40:37.360
the cost of shifting a particular road
somewhere and resources that we can get

01:40:37.440 --> 01:40:41.400
for that, anything that concerns road
capacity, but also anything

01:40:41.480 --> 01:40:44.920
that concerns pollution.

01:40:45.000 --> 01:40:48.400
Theoretically, we know all that,
but actually getting access to the data.

01:40:48.480 --> 01:40:52.960
Well, 18% of the data in public offices
come in the paper form,

01:40:53.040 --> 01:40:54.080
the other one's in the format.

01:40:54.160 --> 01:40:58.200
It's hard to combine PDF, Word,
and only some small portion is

01:40:58.280 --> 01:41:00.320
the data that are really combinable.

01:41:00.400 --> 01:41:03.640
Now,
imagine in what way a strategy can be

01:41:03.720 --> 01:41:08.840
adopted of combining the data
from a single public office with the data

01:41:08.920 --> 01:41:11.760
from three other institutions.
Well, that's the reality, right?

01:41:11.840 --> 01:41:15.960
Here, three key ideas come up.

01:41:16.040 --> 01:41:18.320
The first one is standards.

01:41:18.400 --> 01:41:25.120
What should we do in order to be able
to exchange data between

01:41:25.200 --> 01:41:27.000
particular entities?

01:41:27.080 --> 01:41:29.920
First of all, exchange of data
across different systems.

01:41:30.000 --> 01:41:33.360
I will focus to begin with on a system
that is rather distant from,

01:41:33.440 --> 01:41:36.800
at least theoretically,
from what we are discussing now.

01:41:36.880 --> 01:41:39.120
Anyhow, I'm talking about
the educational system.

01:41:39.200 --> 01:41:43.720
One of the most recent examples is the one
in which one of the big Polish cities,

01:41:43.800 --> 01:41:47.920
tried to build a system
that was supposed to make it easier

01:41:48.000 --> 01:41:52.640
for the inhabitants to apply to schools,
to secondary schools, which means it

01:41:52.720 --> 01:41:55.600
was a center city within a metropolis.

01:41:55.680 --> 01:41:58.000
It was easy for them to build
the system for themselves.

01:41:58.080 --> 01:42:03.280
But you will have students from all
the neighboring areas also coming to these

01:42:03.360 --> 01:42:06.800
schools, and it was not possible to impose
the standards of data

01:42:06.880 --> 01:42:10.480
format on those entities.

01:42:10.560 --> 01:42:13.240
The state was supposed
to do that three years ago.

01:42:13.320 --> 01:42:14.560
It's still not there.

01:42:14.640 --> 01:42:17.920
The same goes for transportation data,
where there are no such standards,

01:42:18.000 --> 01:42:19.680
no data collection is available.

01:42:19.760 --> 01:42:23.040
Open data is another issue,
and that's very crucial when

01:42:23.120 --> 01:42:25.320
we talk about spatial data.

01:42:25.400 --> 01:42:30.000
We have some portals today, like geo,
for example, where you'll find particular

01:42:30.080 --> 01:42:33.760
layers of data you can use,
both from the point of view

01:42:33.840 --> 01:42:37.680
of architecture, urban planning, and any
other perspectives you can think of.

01:42:37.760 --> 01:42:42.840
Open data have a number of advantages.

01:42:42.920 --> 01:42:48.360
Mainly, we can give the guidance data that
are of interest to them or to business.

01:42:48.440 --> 01:42:52.240
We are not talking only about
individuals with its dwellers.

01:42:52.320 --> 01:42:55.520
Now, based on the data,
we can build all sorts of businesses.

01:42:55.600 --> 01:42:59.720
Best example being all the transportation
data and applications that are

01:42:59.800 --> 01:43:02.080
based on data analysis.

01:43:02.160 --> 01:43:06.000
But that's a huge challenge when we talk
about the level above a single city

01:43:06.080 --> 01:43:07.560
because we want to exchange the data.

01:43:07.640 --> 01:43:09.880
We want to first collect
and then exchange the data.

01:43:09.960 --> 01:43:13.960
The question is, again, who and under
what standard is supposed to do that?

01:43:14.040 --> 01:43:19.640
Here comes the third part concerning
who should really develop the standards.

01:43:19.720 --> 01:43:22.840
For some of them, it would be good
if these were central standards.

01:43:22.920 --> 01:43:25.640
For architecture,
we do have some centralized standards,

01:43:25.720 --> 01:43:27.080
but only some of them.

01:43:27.160 --> 01:43:31.440
The question is, to what extent would we
like to have many

01:43:32.160 --> 01:43:34.280
of them being shaped centrally?

01:43:34.360 --> 01:43:35.960
How many should be left
to the local level?

01:43:36.040 --> 01:43:42.560
Then the question is about the impact
on to some other administrative levels.

01:43:42.640 --> 01:43:44.120
Six minutes to go, so I need to speed up.

01:43:44.200 --> 01:43:48.960
In terms of I guess a question arises
on planning and integrating the entire

01:43:49.040 --> 01:43:52.040
investment procedure,
for example, IT systems for that.

01:43:52.120 --> 01:43:56.160
Another question
concerns all spatial markets.

01:43:56.240 --> 01:44:02.560
When you talk to people who are not about
architecture, for them, a spatial market,

01:44:02.640 --> 01:44:07.240
for example, market concerning social
data, for example, age of citizens,

01:44:07.320 --> 01:44:09.600
is something they will not get.

01:44:09.680 --> 01:44:12.480
Why should you have spatial localisation?

01:44:12.560 --> 01:44:15.400
Well, all that can be then transferred
on a spatial map,

01:44:15.480 --> 01:44:19.880
and on the basis of that, we can
talk about the project you've

01:44:19.960 --> 01:44:21.080
mentioned in an easier way.

01:44:21.160 --> 01:44:24.480
But that's a matter of standard
and certain education and convincing,

01:44:24.560 --> 01:44:26.480
persuading people in to accept them.
That's important.

01:44:26.560 --> 01:44:29.640
But that means that first we need to take
care of what we have in terms of data

01:44:29.720 --> 01:44:33.040
from point of view of particular entities,
stakeholders.

01:44:33.120 --> 01:44:36.160
I'm talking here about city Halls,
but also all the other entities

01:44:36.240 --> 01:44:39.520
that belong to the city, for example,
those managing roads

01:44:39.600 --> 01:44:42.760
and those municipal companies,
so us to know what data we

01:44:42.840 --> 01:44:44.720
have and how to integrate them.

01:44:44.800 --> 01:44:48.880
The issue is that if every municipality
carries out its own inventory,

01:44:48.960 --> 01:44:51.920
then we'll never be able to combine
the data because we will get completely

01:44:52.000 --> 01:44:55.440
different information on what we have.

01:44:55.520 --> 01:44:59.280
So theoretically, there is a mass of data,
but practically speaking,

01:44:59.360 --> 01:45:03.640
the The ability of using them
in our daily work is rather limited.

01:45:03.720 --> 01:45:04.760
Now, what else?

01:45:04.840 --> 01:45:11.040
We were able to lower costs, the cost
of getting, analyzing,

01:45:11.120 --> 01:45:13.640
and making the data available,
the cost of getting data,

01:45:13.720 --> 01:45:17.640
obtaining data on our transportation
systems in Poland,

01:45:18.200 --> 01:45:23.280
a functionality that made it possible
to collect data on vehicles moving

01:45:23.360 --> 01:45:24.520
every second or five seconds.

01:45:24.600 --> 01:45:27.040
From the point of view
of decision making, it was...

01:45:27.120 --> 01:45:27.920
That didn't matter.

01:45:28.000 --> 01:45:33.480
From the perspective of Cost,
it was 40% plus or minus

01:45:33.560 --> 01:45:35.200
in terms of how expensive it was.

01:45:35.280 --> 01:45:39.560
From the point of view of an analysis,
you need to analyze the data.

01:45:39.640 --> 01:45:45.520
Very often the costs for big cities
are marginal, 100, 200, 300, thousands.

01:45:45.600 --> 01:45:52.200
But when you look at a municipality
that has 3,000 to 5,000 inhabitants,

01:45:52.280 --> 01:45:56.240
then it will not be something that they
can really budget for locally.

01:45:56.320 --> 01:46:00.080
Now, the cost of building and maintaining
of the systems, well, I We need

01:46:00.160 --> 01:46:01.360
to get into technology a bit.

01:46:01.440 --> 01:46:05.760
If we want to talk about the data that you
want to easily use for free,

01:46:05.840 --> 01:46:10.160
use them for your purposes,
then we need to store the data somewhere.

01:46:10.240 --> 01:46:11.040
We need to collect them.

01:46:11.120 --> 01:46:13.640
We need to, for example,
store them in the cloud.

01:46:13.720 --> 01:46:18.200
That's a gigantic cost for those smaller
administrative units.

01:46:18.280 --> 01:46:20.880
But I believe that the biggest
issue is really the last one.

01:46:20.960 --> 01:46:24.280
Namely, we need to have people
who will be able to do that.

01:46:24.360 --> 01:46:27.360
From the point of view of big townhomes
in Farkhau, for example,

01:46:27.440 --> 01:46:29.720
we have a 90 team of 120 people.

01:46:29.800 --> 01:46:34.520
But small municipalities in Poland, well,
they don't even have a single IT guy.

01:46:34.600 --> 01:46:38.000
They have a full-time job, a person

01:46:38.080 --> 01:46:43.440
who really plugs in a copying machine.

01:46:43.520 --> 01:46:47.880
They do not have an expert
on cybersecurity or AI, which is actually

01:46:47.960 --> 01:46:50.560
basic for data collection and analysis.

01:46:50.640 --> 01:46:54.160
From the point of view of a metropolis,
it's a huge advantage because they can

01:46:54.240 --> 01:46:58.320
actually do things for the smaller ones,
provided that we have more

01:46:58.400 --> 01:47:00.240
centralized best practices.

01:47:00.320 --> 01:47:04.840
Now, in terms of best practices
in the area that I'm responsible for,

01:47:04.920 --> 01:47:08.640
we have a few meetings a year
across different local governments.

01:47:08.720 --> 01:47:13.160
What a paradox is that these really are
from across the country rather

01:47:13.240 --> 01:47:14.680
than from the single area.

01:47:14.760 --> 01:47:18.040
Now we have some patterns
of organizational structure,

01:47:18.120 --> 01:47:19.160
how to apply them.

01:47:19.240 --> 01:47:21.720
We have some patterns of strategic
documents that should be applied

01:47:21.800 --> 01:47:26.040
from simple things,
how to write a CV and how to get data

01:47:26.120 --> 01:47:28.960
from somebody, how to write terms
and conditions for data collection.

01:47:29.040 --> 01:47:30.080
Well, not easy.

01:47:30.160 --> 01:47:33.960
Well, first of all, it should be
at least specified what not to do.

01:47:34.040 --> 01:47:35.400
That will save you a lot of costs.

01:47:35.480 --> 01:47:39.640
Then we've got differences in city sizes
that impact the budget

01:47:39.720 --> 01:47:41.280
and the type of budgeting.

01:47:41.360 --> 01:47:45.800
We have a huge problem in adapting
patterns from foreign cities today.

01:47:45.880 --> 01:47:49.720
The authority, the powers of Polish cities
differ very often,

01:47:49.800 --> 01:47:51.600
even relating to business.

01:47:51.680 --> 01:47:53.840
For example,
during the first presentation,

01:47:53.920 --> 01:47:57.880
Polish cities, for example,
cannot easily limit

01:47:57.960 --> 01:48:01.280
the R&V or booking activity
because they don't have this power.

01:48:01.360 --> 01:48:04.400
We cannot simply transfer one-to-one
the systems that operate

01:48:04.480 --> 01:48:05.640
elsewhere in the world.

01:48:05.720 --> 01:48:10.480
When you look at the examples now,
what can it really boil down to?

01:48:10.560 --> 01:48:16.000
For example, if we have an investment such
as keeping of the data concerning a lane

01:48:16.080 --> 01:48:20.560
on the road, we need to have a car
that will come with litter, with cameras,

01:48:20.640 --> 01:48:24.200
using AI, and will take stock
of what we are interested in.

01:48:24.280 --> 01:48:29.560
For example, where the advertising bill
was illegal or not, that would take really

01:48:29.640 --> 01:48:34.600
stark of greenery or the state
of pavement and so on.

01:48:34.680 --> 01:48:37.880
That works fine if it
works for a single city.

01:48:37.960 --> 01:48:41.880
But when we have roads such as in our
city, we have

01:48:41.960 --> 01:48:45.520
a road that goes across a few cities or
municipalities,

01:48:45.600 --> 01:48:47.920
and the question is how to do that.

01:48:48.000 --> 01:48:52.320
It would be cheaper and more reasonable
and more practical if we could do

01:48:52.400 --> 01:48:57.280
that together under a single
standard with a lower cost.

01:48:57.360 --> 01:48:59.960
That would be an ideal solution.

01:49:00.040 --> 01:49:04.560
Who will be the data holder, how they will
store the data, how they will manage it?

01:49:04.640 --> 01:49:07.760
Will it be available
for another unit to analyze?

01:49:07.840 --> 01:49:10.680
That's the pros of life,
and that comes much harder.

01:49:10.760 --> 01:49:15.880
Now, what is really important is to see
how ready the city is

01:49:15.960 --> 01:49:17.320
to implement such solutions.

01:49:17.400 --> 01:49:19.880
We need to know whether we have people,
whether we have procedures.

01:49:19.960 --> 01:49:22.960
On top of that,
we map the technology, which is

01:49:23.040 --> 01:49:24.720
the tool and not the goal in itself.

01:49:24.800 --> 01:49:26.560
We need to be ready to absorb it.

01:49:26.640 --> 01:49:30.040
In order to do that,
we need to have a ready metropolis,

01:49:30.120 --> 01:49:34.960
a unit that is going to be ready to manage
it, to prepare it, because without that,

01:49:35.040 --> 01:49:40.440
unfortunately, we'll be talking about many
single isolated activities,

01:49:40.520 --> 01:49:44.120
actions that are important,
but they will give us a much lesser effect

01:49:44.200 --> 01:49:46.360
than what we would
finally like to arrive at.

01:49:46.440 --> 01:49:50.040
For example, from a practical point
of view, building a map that contains

01:49:50.120 --> 01:49:56.120
a maximum number of data, for example,
that you can use later planning

01:49:56.200 --> 01:50:00.080
and developments because they are
available to you at any moment for free.

01:50:00.160 --> 01:50:04.000
Because the fact that they physically
are there, we all know that.

01:50:04.080 --> 01:50:06.160
But the fact that we want to build

01:50:06.240 --> 01:50:21.080
on them together, that's a a.