WEBVTT 00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:05.040 There are very few images that have done more damage to the minds 00:00:05.040 --> 00:00:10.240 of planners that that one not only because it lies openly, it 00:00:10.240 --> 00:00:14.720 is more damaging that it also lies in a cleverly hidden way. 00:00:15.440 --> 00:00:20.960 While the transformation of this image have removed the open 00:00:20.960 --> 00:00:26.760 lie that the environment, people and the economy are equal partners, 00:00:27.040 --> 00:00:28.880 they have preserved the hidden lie. 00:00:29.520 --> 00:00:35.560 For we all know that neither economy nor that no humans 00:00:35.840 --> 00:00:39.840 can change the rules of the environment at the best that they 00:00:39.840 --> 00:00:41.200 they can destroy it. 00:00:41.440 --> 00:00:46.520 But people can change the rules of the economy because the economy 00:00:46.520 --> 00:00:48.720 is a social construct. 00:00:49.080 --> 00:00:55.400 The invisible hand of the market exist solely in your imagination, 00:00:55.600 --> 00:00:59.240 along with the Little Red Riding Hood at Winnie the Pooh. 00:01:00.080 --> 00:01:04.640 From this perspective, we will be looking at Urban Development today. 00:01:07.520 --> 00:01:12.160 So those of you, sorry, those of you who follow Earth Sciences 00:01:12.160 --> 00:01:15.800 News probably will know that something important and interesting 00:01:15.800 --> 00:01:20.240 happened this summer and it involves this very tiny lake in Canada. 00:01:21.720 --> 00:01:25.920 Those are researchers, scientists who try to find evidence 00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:29.480 whether we are now in a new geological epoch called the Anthropocene. 00:01:29.760 --> 00:01:33.240 Probably most of you have heard the name, but maybe you don't 00:01:33.240 --> 00:01:36.880 know that this summer the the Anthropocene working groups or 00:01:36.880 --> 00:01:41.200 scientists who are working on this topic selected a site a place 00:01:41.200 --> 00:01:45.560 which is emblematic for our for finding evidence, geological 00:01:45.560 --> 00:01:48.000 evidence for the new epoch. 00:01:48.400 --> 00:01:54.880 This is this tiny Lake Crawford here in Canada and the those scientists 00:01:54.880 --> 00:01:57.920 who are part of the International Union of Geological Sciences 00:01:58.200 --> 00:02:02.280 officially now recognise, based on the evidence from this place, 00:02:02.520 --> 00:02:06.080 that the Anthropocene started around mid twentieth century 00:02:07.280 --> 00:02:09.880 and what what happened around mid twentieth century. 00:02:09.880 --> 00:02:10.800 This is the point. 00:02:10.800 --> 00:02:15.040 This is the moment where most of our socio economic indicators 00:02:15.440 --> 00:02:19.120 started to rise in an exponential manner very, very quickly. 00:02:19.920 --> 00:02:24.160 Things like GDP for instance, investment, energy use, consumption 00:02:24.160 --> 00:02:25.680 of fertilisers, etcetera. 00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:30.760 And in consequence, of course, you know, loss of physics indicators 00:02:30.760 --> 00:02:34.560 of the state of the environment such as the emission of greenhouse 00:02:34.560 --> 00:02:39.560 gases or acidification of the ocean due to fertiliser, Fertiliser 00:02:39.800 --> 00:02:45.600 run off to to water also started to rise dramatically fast pushing 00:02:45.600 --> 00:02:49.520 out pushing us out of the Holocene stability of the Earth system. 00:02:50.000 --> 00:02:53.120 Holocene is the epoch for the last well which has been lasting 00:02:53.120 --> 00:02:57.520 for the last twelve thousand years which which during which 00:02:57.600 --> 00:03:01.240 our civilizations basically emerged Now the problem is of course 00:03:01.240 --> 00:03:07.160 that the this dramatic growth of those indicators is pushing 00:03:07.640 --> 00:03:11.000 the earth system and many of its components out of this Holocene 00:03:11.000 --> 00:03:11.560 balance. 00:03:11.800 --> 00:03:15.480 You surely know, you know, climate change is one of these systems. 00:03:15.480 --> 00:03:20.640 But there are other systems like another thresholds for for 00:03:20.680 --> 00:03:23.600 for other systems like Biosphere integrity or land system change, 00:03:23.680 --> 00:03:26.080 and nine of those in general. 00:03:26.640 --> 00:03:29.040 And this is captured by the concept of planetary boundaries 00:03:29.320 --> 00:03:33.480 basically, which says that we have a we should stay within a safe 00:03:33.560 --> 00:03:34.680 operating space. 00:03:35.840 --> 00:03:38.840 Our economic systems should, should, you know, be contained 00:03:38.920 --> 00:03:39.800 by this space. 00:03:39.960 --> 00:03:45.920 When we cross this those thresholds, we risk unprecedented 00:03:46.440 --> 00:03:50.240 change and destabilisation of systems, which is most probably 00:03:50.240 --> 00:03:52.440 irreversible and uncontrollable. 00:03:53.760 --> 00:03:57.560 And unsurprisingly, things have been getting worse due to our 00:03:58.360 --> 00:04:00.440 constant attachment to the idea of growth. 00:04:00.440 --> 00:04:06.680 Of course, most of policy makers are aware of this problem and 00:04:06.760 --> 00:04:07.240 our response. 00:04:07.240 --> 00:04:11.160 So far the standard response has been to try to make a growth greener. 00:04:11.840 --> 00:04:15.560 So growth, which is more green, which means it's not dependent 00:04:15.560 --> 00:04:21.200 on extracting resources to the to the same extent and it's lowering 00:04:21.240 --> 00:04:22.560 its environmental impact. 00:04:23.560 --> 00:04:26.040 This in fact reaches back to the idea of sustainable development 00:04:26.040 --> 00:04:29.520 and some of the hidden assumptions such as the possibility of 00:04:29.600 --> 00:04:33.440 decoupling economic growth from resource use and from environmental 00:04:33.440 --> 00:04:34.200 degradation. 00:04:34.800 --> 00:04:35.440 This goes. 00:04:35.680 --> 00:04:37.440 This is a technical term decoupling. 00:04:37.800 --> 00:04:39.360 This is how it's described today. 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:42.080 It's the idea that you can have GDP growth. 00:04:42.480 --> 00:04:46.600 This should be exponential in fact, while having relative decoupling 00:04:46.600 --> 00:04:50.680 so you know, using less resources, or in fact absolute decoupling 00:04:50.680 --> 00:04:54.560 where the absolute levels of resources is falling down in absolute 00:04:54.560 --> 00:04:55.040 values. 00:04:56.240 --> 00:04:59.400 This is an attractive argument of course, because you can argue 00:04:59.400 --> 00:05:02.600 to some extent that there is already some decoupling in selected 00:05:02.600 --> 00:05:06.360 places like the United Kingdom or France on the national level, 00:05:07.720 --> 00:05:09.480 at the scale of the entire world. 00:05:09.480 --> 00:05:12.400 There is some relative decoupling, but the problem is, you know, 00:05:13.040 --> 00:05:14.960 it's not sufficient to have some decoupling. 00:05:14.960 --> 00:05:19.040 We need sufficiently strong decoupling which makes us come 00:05:19.040 --> 00:05:22.760 back within the safe place, safe space of planetary boundaries. 00:05:23.520 --> 00:05:27.800 And moreover, this has to happen quickly enough for us not to 00:05:28.920 --> 00:05:31.880 cross those boundaries and for using the climate change example 00:05:31.880 --> 00:05:35.200 not to emit more than our carbon budget allows us. 00:05:36.840 --> 00:05:38.400 Now how are we doing? 00:05:38.560 --> 00:05:43.720 This is the most recent review on decoupling and basically the 00:05:43.720 --> 00:05:47.160 conclusion is that it's not achievable with current or even 00:05:47.160 --> 00:05:48.840 with imaginable rates of decoupling. 00:05:48.840 --> 00:05:51.080 Basically, we can make economies more efficient. 00:05:51.360 --> 00:05:54.080 It doesn't mean that we will make things out of thin air. 00:05:55.600 --> 00:06:00.200 So as as researchers we feel obliged to question those basic 00:06:00.200 --> 00:06:02.120 assumptions of our development paradigms. 00:06:02.160 --> 00:06:06.240 For instance, in the European Green Deal, which is explicitly 00:06:06.240 --> 00:06:09.600 saying that we can have economic growth while reducing resource 00:06:09.600 --> 00:06:12.200 use, which means we can eat a cake and have it too. 00:06:13.160 --> 00:06:17.680 The same goes for SDGS which from this perspective, if if those 00:06:17.680 --> 00:06:20.760 if this research on planetary boundaries and the Anthropocene 00:06:20.760 --> 00:06:28.280 is true, then there's a self contradiction within SDGS So the 00:06:28.320 --> 00:06:30.680 conclusion, the basic conclusion from this is that we have to 00:06:30.680 --> 00:06:33.720 acknowledge in our Urban Development policies that economic 00:06:33.720 --> 00:06:36.840 growth cannot be made fully sustainable. 00:06:37.680 --> 00:06:40.480 So of course people, you know have been thinking about this for 00:06:40.480 --> 00:06:44.080 some time already and there are a number of proposals of alternative 00:06:44.080 --> 00:06:48.200 development paradigms which we can broadly call post growth 00:06:48.440 --> 00:06:49.280 the paradigms. 00:06:49.880 --> 00:06:53.200 And one of them which we think is particularly promising is the 00:06:53.200 --> 00:06:55.680 growth that's lost in Polish. 00:06:55.880 --> 00:06:59.480 As we also try to translate this, the assumption of the growth 00:06:59.480 --> 00:07:00.160 is very simple. 00:07:00.160 --> 00:07:06.440 Since decoupling cannot work on its own, we need to do some, you 00:07:06.440 --> 00:07:09.240 know, more effort and so deal. 00:07:09.240 --> 00:07:12.720 Of course for a plant and socially just reduction in production 00:07:12.720 --> 00:07:14.200 and consumption levels which are linked. 00:07:14.680 --> 00:07:19.040 That would fit the limits of error, the planetary boundaries, 00:07:19.320 --> 00:07:21.800 while also enabling everyone to live a good life. 00:07:21.800 --> 00:07:23.120 And this extends not all. 00:07:23.520 --> 00:07:24.720 In some cases. 00:07:24.720 --> 00:07:28.280 On some interpretations, this extends not only to humans, but 00:07:28.280 --> 00:07:31.240 also to other species that inhabit this planet. 00:07:33.160 --> 00:07:36.280 It's very easy to confuse the growth with economic recession. 00:07:36.320 --> 00:07:40.120 This is absolutely the opposite, because recession only happens 00:07:40.120 --> 00:07:42.520 in a system which is dependent on economic growth. 00:07:42.560 --> 00:07:46.320 When there's no growth or low low growth, there is a recession 00:07:46.320 --> 00:07:49.920 unemployment, people lose jobs, and there's really human suffering. 00:07:50.200 --> 00:07:54.200 Of course, this is not what any development policy would advocate. 00:07:54.560 --> 00:07:58.280 The growth is just trying to create a socio economic system which 00:07:58.280 --> 00:08:02.720 doesn't need constant economic growth for people and other 00:08:02.800 --> 00:08:06.880 species to live well, to thrive, to be able to fulfil our needs. 00:08:07.960 --> 00:08:11.360 Now the term the growth reaches back to nineteen seventies in 00:08:11.360 --> 00:08:14.520 nineteen seventy two undergoers a french philosopher asked 00:08:14.640 --> 00:08:19.040 a reasonable question already back then if then stability of 00:08:19.080 --> 00:08:22.880 earth is compatible with a system like capitalism which is dependent 00:08:22.880 --> 00:08:25.800 on economic growth and the same goes for communism Soviet communism 00:08:25.800 --> 00:08:27.400 was really a growth oriented system. 00:08:29.200 --> 00:08:31.560 In the nineteen seventies there was you know quite a critical 00:08:31.560 --> 00:08:36.440 debate spurred by the limits to growth debate report so that 00:08:36.440 --> 00:08:40.960 there were a number of intellectual foundations for the growth 00:08:41.800 --> 00:08:42.880 Ecological economics. 00:08:42.880 --> 00:08:45.600 This is all the things about planetary boundaries, stability 00:08:45.600 --> 00:08:48.160 of the earth, etcetera, Social limits to growth. 00:08:48.160 --> 00:08:52.480 So an area of research which shows why economic growth doesn't 00:08:52.520 --> 00:08:56.520 deliver its promises in terms of social or economic benefits. 00:08:56.880 --> 00:09:00.080 And so it's not so obvious like the Easterling paradox shows, 00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:04.160 which basically says that well being is rising along with GDP 00:09:04.160 --> 00:09:07.480 but to some basic level And then after this, there's no correlation 00:09:07.720 --> 00:09:12.160 and a third fundament fundament for the growth, which is a more 00:09:12.160 --> 00:09:15.160 cultural critique of the particular interpretation of the 00:09:15.160 --> 00:09:19.560 idea of development that we in the western societies have adopted 00:09:19.760 --> 00:09:20.760 and our following. 00:09:21.960 --> 00:09:25.320 Now in the nineteen eighties and nineteen nineties sustainable 00:09:25.320 --> 00:09:29.200 development and green growth were, you know, kind of more popular. 00:09:30.000 --> 00:09:33.280 But in the beginning of the of the twenty first century the growth 00:09:33.840 --> 00:09:37.000 let's say came back and in fact developed into a full fledged 00:09:37.240 --> 00:09:40.320 academic research field and also a social movement We have to 00:09:40.320 --> 00:09:44.600 be clear, and this is a discussion about values, as the vice president 00:09:44.600 --> 00:09:48.520 of the HAS has said earlier, that there are some normative values 00:09:48.520 --> 00:09:49.680 behind development policies. 00:09:49.680 --> 00:09:54.960 This is obvious, and there are some normative assumptions behind 00:09:54.960 --> 00:09:55.320 the growth. 00:09:55.360 --> 00:09:56.720 It's also a social movement. 00:09:56.720 --> 00:10:00.400 We can discuss, you know, about our normative assumptions, 00:10:00.400 --> 00:10:01.520 but we have to. 00:10:31.600 --> 00:10:34.720 Oh, yes, OK so it's a social movement as well. 00:10:34.720 --> 00:10:36.000 Let's keep it here. 00:10:36.600 --> 00:10:39.720 Now as as a research project, the growth is really becoming a 00:10:39.720 --> 00:10:42.640 blossoming field with publications in top journals. 00:10:43.040 --> 00:10:47.000 So you will be hearing more often, I'm sure about that in the coming 00:10:47.000 --> 00:10:47.400 times. 00:10:47.880 --> 00:10:51.600 In terms of the postulates of at least within the academic debate 00:10:51.640 --> 00:10:55.600 about the growth, we can distinguish three directions of Of 00:10:55.600 --> 00:10:59.600 those postulates, the first one is based on the ecological economics 00:10:59.600 --> 00:11:03.080 discipline which says we cannot treat environment as if it was 00:11:03.080 --> 00:11:07.160 external to economy and we need to reduce our impacts. 00:11:07.160 --> 00:11:11.040 So kind of come back to the original understanding of sustainable 00:11:11.040 --> 00:11:14.760 development, which was partly about the coupling but was also 00:11:14.760 --> 00:11:19.320 more clear about absolute limits of of growth as well, more than 00:11:19.320 --> 00:11:19.640 today. 00:11:19.960 --> 00:11:22.360 And then we have the social political part, which is basically 00:11:22.360 --> 00:11:25.120 about ensuring that the transformation is socially just. 00:11:25.440 --> 00:11:30.960 The Yellow vests protests in France show show why transformation 00:11:31.000 --> 00:11:34.000 which is not going to be socially inclusive and just will not 00:11:34.000 --> 00:11:34.360 work. 00:11:34.680 --> 00:11:39.560 And the third one, broader cultural part which is basically 00:11:39.560 --> 00:11:43.120 about promoting opportunities, opportunities for us to live 00:11:43.120 --> 00:11:45.880 well without so much economic growth. 00:11:47.200 --> 00:11:52.000 So this is a broad transformation let's say abroad development 00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:56.960 paradigm which is also about some broader cultural changes. 00:11:56.960 --> 00:12:00.160 But still there are a number of postulates, concrete things 00:12:00.160 --> 00:12:03.440 that can be done to implement such postulates. 00:12:04.400 --> 00:12:09.160 Now I will ask Isa to continue from here. 00:12:16.720 --> 00:12:18.600 This was this would work right? 00:12:18.920 --> 00:12:24.800 OK So what we have seen is that many of these tools actually 00:12:26.600 --> 00:12:31.880 for the growth, they have a strong links to the cities for example, 00:12:32.120 --> 00:12:37.360 space is a limited resource limited in nature like any resource 00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:38.160 of the planet. 00:12:38.320 --> 00:12:42.240 So the question that arise are the following. 00:12:42.280 --> 00:12:47.720 How the concept of the growth can and should be implemented in cities. 00:12:48.000 --> 00:12:53.040 Another question is how the concept of the growth can be integrated 00:12:53.040 --> 00:12:56.520 into planning systems of our societies. 00:12:56.880 --> 00:13:04.440 As, as Jinxawah rightly points out, the academic dialogue between 00:13:04.640 --> 00:13:08.960 spatial planning and the the growth is still weak at the moment, 00:13:09.200 --> 00:13:11.480 but actually we are changing it. 00:13:12.440 --> 00:13:17.720 There are already suggestions as to how we can broaden our ideas 00:13:18.000 --> 00:13:21.960 about the age of the growth and about in the cities, of course, 00:13:22.200 --> 00:13:23.360 and about development. 00:13:23.360 --> 00:13:29.040 Policies that we will need to formulate and development shall 00:13:29.040 --> 00:13:35.160 be understood not as a growth but as a process of change over 00:13:35.160 --> 00:13:36.720 successive generations. 00:13:36.880 --> 00:13:41.960 This change itself must be fast, but it has to lead to the life 00:13:41.960 --> 00:13:43.960 which is much, much slower. 00:13:46.000 --> 00:13:50.640 These suggestions have different perspectives, but they also 00:13:50.640 --> 00:13:55.320 have set of tools that are familiar to any urban planner. 00:13:55.640 --> 00:14:00.000 George Monbiot, for example, argues for private sufficiency 00:14:00.360 --> 00:14:01.920 and public luxury. 00:14:02.120 --> 00:14:06.840 Everyone in this room understands this message, but of course 00:14:06.840 --> 00:14:07.800 there are many more. 00:14:08.400 --> 00:14:13.000 They are aimed at eliminating the scarcities artificially 00:14:13.000 --> 00:14:17.760 created by the economy in the direction of commoning, because, 00:14:17.760 --> 00:14:23.160 contrary to the popular belief, capitalism is an economy of 00:14:23.160 --> 00:14:24.520 plant scarcity. 00:14:24.960 --> 00:14:29.560 But instead of looking at the big picture, I want to focus on one 00:14:29.560 --> 00:14:34.880 example of urban structure that can inspire us and show us what 00:14:34.880 --> 00:14:39.520 kind of qualities we should be looking for in the cities. 00:14:40.480 --> 00:14:43.880 And these structures are neighbourhoods which we typically 00:14:43.880 --> 00:14:46.560 call large scale housing estates. 00:14:46.880 --> 00:14:48.200 They are everyone in. 00:14:48.200 --> 00:14:51.120 They are everywhere in Europe from Helsinki to Lisbon. 00:14:51.560 --> 00:14:56.320 So far we have seen them as a source of problems, but we can look 00:14:56.320 --> 00:15:01.360 them at them as inspiration for the future. 00:15:02.200 --> 00:15:07.160 The this This reinterpretation of the value of large housing 00:15:07.160 --> 00:15:12.160 estates is based on three different studies I have been involved 00:15:12.160 --> 00:15:12.240 in. 00:15:12.920 --> 00:15:17.880 The first was a functional analysis of neighbourhoods in Rothswaff, 00:15:18.200 --> 00:15:23.800 and we tried to identify the government 's model that best empowers 00:15:23.800 --> 00:15:28.560 and engages citizens The second was an international project 00:15:28.560 --> 00:15:30.040 led by German colleagues. 00:15:30.240 --> 00:15:35.640 Big beautiful buildings which aim to identify the post war heritage 00:15:35.640 --> 00:15:40.800 of cities and these two studies formed the basis for the doctoral 00:15:40.800 --> 00:15:45.480 theses I had the pleasure of supervising prepared by now Doctor 00:15:45.520 --> 00:15:46.400 Adrian Parada. 00:15:47.200 --> 00:15:50.800 Here we looked very closely at the transformation of the large 00:15:50.800 --> 00:15:56.080 housing estates in Dresden, Rotswaff and Bernal after the political 00:15:56.080 --> 00:16:00.360 changes in nineteen eighty nine So let us see how large housing 00:16:00.360 --> 00:16:04.960 estates finto fit into the postulates of the growth. 00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:09.800 First, they are good because they are multifamily. 00:16:10.320 --> 00:16:14.640 They save on consumption of this very limited resource. 00:16:14.760 --> 00:16:15.720 As as space. 00:16:16.320 --> 00:16:20.560 We are still a long way from making bold statements like the one 00:16:20.560 --> 00:16:25.040 by the Flemish architect, although only yesterday we heard 00:16:25.040 --> 00:16:30.400 from colleagues at RTPI about the gentle densification being 00:16:30.400 --> 00:16:35.200 democratically introduced in the UK We should understand that 00:16:35.200 --> 00:16:39.400 we are all paying for urban sprawl, not only with public money 00:16:39.400 --> 00:16:44.640 but with our own health and well being Dense compact structures 00:16:44.720 --> 00:16:49.560 are not good because they increase the value of the land, but 00:16:49.560 --> 00:16:53.120 because they are trying to achieve good balance between sufficiency 00:16:53.120 --> 00:16:56.880 for everyone and reduction of environmental impact. 00:16:57.200 --> 00:17:02.000 Remember that the growth is about increasing minimal standards. 00:17:02.400 --> 00:17:08.400 Here in Poland this would be more about increasing minimal standards 00:17:08.400 --> 00:17:12.960 than than reducing excess, because, for example, the growth 00:17:12.960 --> 00:17:16.440 advocates for something like twenty square metres per person, 00:17:16.640 --> 00:17:21.400 which means eighty square metres per family with two children, 00:17:21.400 --> 00:17:25.560 which is definitely much more that we can see in our country. 00:17:25.880 --> 00:17:31.720 And to be clear, instead increased density is also a postulate 00:17:31.720 --> 00:17:32.840 of the developers. 00:17:33.160 --> 00:17:38.200 I'm very far from supporting these claims of increasing density 00:17:38.200 --> 00:17:38.920 for profit. 00:17:39.320 --> 00:17:43.960 Density is about improving quality of life, not increasing 00:17:43.960 --> 00:17:48.680 the bank accounts of developers, land owners and property speculators. 00:17:49.080 --> 00:17:55.040 A good example of increase in quality of life of the residents 00:17:55.360 --> 00:18:00.840 is the swimming pool on the communal building in Vienna. 00:18:01.080 --> 00:18:04.120 And of course we would all like it. 00:18:06.440 --> 00:18:11.160 Not on the urban measures are good, but but so is an urban form 00:18:11.160 --> 00:18:16.480 that encourages sharing and commoning, which is a big postulate 00:18:16.520 --> 00:18:17.440 of the Grove. 00:18:17.720 --> 00:18:22.000 It is difficult to extract the private from the space which is 00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:23.320 designed for sharing. 00:18:23.560 --> 00:18:24.760 A beautiful park. 00:18:24.840 --> 00:18:29.160 A Meadow accessible for everyone, simply requires a specific 00:18:29.160 --> 00:18:31.240 configuration of space. 00:18:31.360 --> 00:18:33.040 Good view from the window, too. 00:18:33.800 --> 00:18:38.000 The urban fabric of estates we examined have proved to be strong 00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:42.480 enough to preserve certain urban values, such as openness, 00:18:42.800 --> 00:18:48.200 and at the same time flexible enough to allow necessary adaptations 00:18:48.200 --> 00:18:49.400 to changing needs. 00:18:51.400 --> 00:18:55.200 The transformation that that took place in the in the estates 00:18:55.200 --> 00:19:00.920 we analyse did not lead to the actual privatisation of land and 00:19:00.920 --> 00:19:05.560 the spatial configuration may have played an important role 00:19:05.560 --> 00:19:06.000 here. 00:19:06.360 --> 00:19:10.120 This is absolutely crucial from the point of view of commoning 00:19:10.360 --> 00:19:14.920 and the new opportunities for sharing in the future and preserving 00:19:14.920 --> 00:19:18.120 this opportunity for public luxury. 00:19:18.280 --> 00:19:23.240 It is also important for another reasons to this estate. 00:19:23.320 --> 00:19:27.400 This estates, we, we stand it, have preserved this common spaces 00:19:27.400 --> 00:19:29.160 and they are green areas. 00:19:29.400 --> 00:19:35.080 The role of this estates in greening the city cannot be underestimated. 00:19:35.320 --> 00:19:39.120 They are also important in terms of ventilation and prevention 00:19:39.120 --> 00:19:43.960 of the urban heat island, and they retention potential also 00:19:44.160 --> 00:19:45.280 shall be recognised. 00:19:45.520 --> 00:19:48.280 In other words, then, they can be important. 00:19:48.520 --> 00:19:54.480 Components are in the creation of high value ecological systems. 00:19:55.880 --> 00:20:00.440 The large scale estate are well equipped with services and any 00:20:00.440 --> 00:20:02.360 particular public services. 00:20:02.680 --> 00:20:05.920 They are barred by no means mono functional. 00:20:06.240 --> 00:20:10.000 The estates have schools, kindergarten, sport facilities, 00:20:10.120 --> 00:20:15.080 health centres, but also shops, restaurants and gyms. 00:20:15.360 --> 00:20:16.360 At the same time. 00:20:16.360 --> 00:20:17.520 There is no excess. 00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:23.480 Children can, yeah, OK Children can play football instead of 00:20:23.480 --> 00:20:25.360 wandering around the shopping malls. 00:20:25.880 --> 00:20:31.040 Most estate estates are arranged in a way that the children can 00:20:31.040 --> 00:20:35.960 walk to the school without crossing a single street ideal, ideal, 00:20:35.960 --> 00:20:37.240 fifteen minute city. 00:20:37.640 --> 00:20:42.200 And of course they have good transportation links and of course 00:20:42.200 --> 00:20:44.560 these are public transportation links. 00:20:44.880 --> 00:20:49.240 Although the buildings appear inflexible, they they have a 00:20:49.240 --> 00:20:52.000 great potential for adaptation. 00:20:52.160 --> 00:20:56.160 One example from Bordeaux Unlock, Cato and Philippe Fazal have 00:20:56.160 --> 00:21:01.040 shown how it is possible to improve thermal insulation, living 00:21:01.040 --> 00:21:04.480 conditions and aesthetics at the very low cost. 00:21:04.640 --> 00:21:08.800 There is therefore still big potential to to look for the new 00:21:08.800 --> 00:21:09.720 opportunities. 00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.120 Finally, I'm saying finally, the large housing estates have 00:21:14.120 --> 00:21:18.600 great potential for self sufficiency The easiest way to do this 00:21:18.600 --> 00:21:22.680 is of course to generate energy, but they they can also afford 00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:23.880 energy storage. 00:21:24.160 --> 00:21:25.400 And of course they can. 00:21:25.480 --> 00:21:30.640 They can elaborate how to use the heat pumps, for example for 00:21:30.640 --> 00:21:32.840 multifamily buildings. 00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:38.760 Rainwater can be much efficiently collected from this kind of estates. 00:21:39.000 --> 00:21:43.000 This potential for energy production can be combined combined 00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:44.520 with improved quality of life. 00:21:44.800 --> 00:21:49.880 Now that this example shows that not only residents can have 00:21:49.880 --> 00:21:56.360 a nice dress, but the last the the top floor can be can be prevented 00:21:56.360 --> 00:21:57.600 from overheating. 00:21:58.000 --> 00:22:02.440 And this potential for self sufficiency is also in urban gardening 00:22:02.840 --> 00:22:08.240 But the real potential for for food self sufficiency lies elsewhere 00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:12.160 I won't go why we can't produce food in a way we do now. 00:22:12.440 --> 00:22:16.080 Just read this George Monpeau book Regenesis. 00:22:16.320 --> 00:22:20.680 It is frightening, but it offers a vision that we can actually 00:22:20.680 --> 00:22:26.400 brew our food like beer, right from bacteria or methane, and 00:22:26.400 --> 00:22:29.080 we can do it locally in our neighbourhoods. 00:22:29.280 --> 00:22:32.400 This is called precise fermentation by the way. 00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:35.000 And still we can brew a beer too, right? 00:22:37.400 --> 00:22:40.560 Well, there are many problems in large scale housing estates. 00:22:40.680 --> 00:22:41.960 There are social problems. 00:22:41.960 --> 00:22:43.480 Buildings need renovation. 00:22:43.600 --> 00:22:47.720 There is pressure from developers on the open spaces, but there 00:22:47.720 --> 00:22:52.320 is also this untapped potential in in them. 00:22:52.600 --> 00:22:57.880 So we would like to to really uncover it to respond to the planetary 00:22:57.880 --> 00:22:58.640 crisis. 00:22:58.880 --> 00:23:05.400 Renewable or more accurately rebuildable energy will not replace 00:23:05.400 --> 00:23:08.320 the energy we use from fossil fuels fuels. 00:23:08.600 --> 00:23:13.160 We are already running out of such a strategic building material 00:23:13.160 --> 00:23:14.160 as sand. 00:23:14.840 --> 00:23:20.000 We must have for use everything we already have to ensure sufficient 00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:21.080 quality of life. 00:23:22.440 --> 00:23:28.000 OK In recent years we have we have often said, yeah, this is the 00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:29.080 very last slide. 00:23:31.040 --> 00:23:36.280 We have often said that cities should be first and foremost meet 00:23:36.440 --> 00:23:38.360 meeting human needs right. 00:23:38.360 --> 00:23:40.080 This is cities for humans. 00:23:40.320 --> 00:23:45.920 The new planning paradigm should be to protect health, life 00:23:45.920 --> 00:23:50.680 supporting systems first and only between this framework, 00:23:50.840 --> 00:23:56.920 to ensure that the needs of human humans are really met, not to 00:23:56.920 --> 00:24:01.600 lose hope and to show how how much still is to be done. 00:24:01.600 --> 00:24:05.520 I leave you with this couple of photos from Vienna, the place 00:24:05.520 --> 00:24:08.800 with the highest quality of life according to many studies. 00:24:09.120 --> 00:24:14.160 These pictures show how many solutions from large scale housing 00:24:14.160 --> 00:24:19.640 estates can be used and implemented in brand new housing estates. 00:24:19.960 --> 00:24:26.000 I would like to add this is mostly communal public housing. 00:24:26.320 --> 00:24:31.440 I would like to see mayors of European cities competing who can 00:24:31.440 --> 00:24:36.400 collect more labels like the one on the building on the bio top 00:24:36.720 --> 00:24:38.400 city Weinenberg in Vienna. 00:24:38.960 --> 00:24:44.400 This label says that this building was built by the city of Vienna 00:24:44.680 --> 00:24:47.120 under Mayor, Doctor Michael Ludwig. 00:24:48.080 --> 00:24:49.200 OK thank you. 00:24:49.240 --> 00:24:52.680 The growth will happen whether we like it or not. 00:24:53.120 --> 00:24:54.800 Better if it is planned. 00:24:54.920 --> 00:24:55.400 Thank you. 00:25:00.320 --> 00:25:01.400 Thank you, Isabella. 00:25:01.400 --> 00:25:05.200 And Robert may have asked Frank don't to the floor. 00:25:05.200 --> 00:25:09.920 So we move from the uncomfortable notion of continued economic 00:25:09.920 --> 00:25:13.240 growth to another zone out of our comfort. 00:25:13.240 --> 00:25:13.520 Thank you. 00:25:13.520 --> 00:25:14.080 Thank you, Elizabeth. 00:25:18.880 --> 00:25:21.480 I will roll up the sleeves for the second time this morning. 00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:29.480 We have to get the to work again and go quickly through a presentation 00:25:29.480 --> 00:25:31.960 that's maybe could take twice as long. 00:25:32.480 --> 00:25:37.280 So I hope that the presentations can be somewhere shared and 00:25:37.280 --> 00:25:40.560 you can look at them a bit more relaxed. 00:25:42.760 --> 00:25:44.400 Let me start with a picture, Shree. 00:25:44.640 --> 00:25:50.720 I am currently working, among other places, in Hanoi, Vietnam, 00:25:51.320 --> 00:25:56.240 and this is a place close to where I live, on my way to the office 00:25:56.240 --> 00:25:57.480 or say, the gym. 00:25:58.160 --> 00:25:58.920 And it looks lovely. 00:25:58.920 --> 00:26:02.480 No, it's a beautiful one of the many lakes in Hanoi. 00:26:03.920 --> 00:26:08.160 Beautiful sky, trees, green floating plants. 00:26:08.160 --> 00:26:08.560 Yes. 00:26:08.800 --> 00:26:09.800 And some buildings. 00:26:09.800 --> 00:26:10.160 Yes. 00:26:10.680 --> 00:26:12.280 And some people are walking around here. 00:26:12.720 --> 00:26:15.120 So couldn't be better, right? 00:26:16.240 --> 00:26:17.320 Well, it's deceptive. 00:26:17.440 --> 00:26:21.680 It's really deceptive because the lake is biologically dead. 00:26:22.160 --> 00:26:24.000 You know, the fish is floating there. 00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:26.760 She all the Rosso which is coming into the lake. 00:26:26.960 --> 00:26:29.560 They try to clean it but doesn't help. 00:26:29.920 --> 00:26:33.040 The air is heavily polluted all the year round. 00:26:33.040 --> 00:26:36.400 You actually have to walk around with mask and doing this physical 00:26:36.400 --> 00:26:39.360 activity is actually more harmful than helpful. 00:26:40.200 --> 00:26:46.120 And then you see the buildings looks nice, yeah, but these tall 00:26:46.800 --> 00:26:50.280 buildings, the tallest one there, the Lotto building and then 00:26:50.280 --> 00:26:55.360 these apartment complex say are replacing sustainable neighbourhoods, 00:26:56.080 --> 00:26:56.840 low rise. 00:26:57.000 --> 00:27:01.640 You still see a little bit here, yes, not in good shape, but they 00:27:01.640 --> 00:27:03.480 could be renovated of course. 00:27:03.600 --> 00:27:07.800 But no, instead they are cleared and replaced by these kind of 00:27:07.800 --> 00:27:11.200 complexes with high dependency on car. 00:27:11.520 --> 00:27:13.200 And this was all walkable. 00:27:13.600 --> 00:27:15.760 So the clickers, how does it work? 00:27:17.040 --> 00:27:22.200 So it's not always say what you see what is and say sometimes say 00:27:22.360 --> 00:27:26.520 when people ask in Vietnam what should we do to make our cities 00:27:26.520 --> 00:27:27.440 more sustainable. 00:27:27.880 --> 00:27:32.200 Unfortunately, sometimes I have to say go back in time, but of 00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:36.200 course that's not a very valuable advice anymore. 00:27:38.000 --> 00:27:43.720 So this is the overview of the presentation but let's let's go 00:27:44.560 --> 00:27:49.520 a little bit about myself because as as many modern planners 00:27:49.520 --> 00:27:54.640 say we are not working for one client or one employer anymore. 00:27:55.000 --> 00:28:01.760 We have a different hats, different pathways in our careers 00:28:02.160 --> 00:28:06.200 and and we're combining you know, paid work, non paid work. 00:28:06.920 --> 00:28:10.440 So here you have a list, I will not say repeat at all, but I'm here 00:28:10.440 --> 00:28:13.480 now as the Secretary General of Isocarp. 00:28:13.920 --> 00:28:20.800 And what, what combines all these different functions is a kind 00:28:20.800 --> 00:28:26.520 of World Vision, you know, of looking for similarities on a global 00:28:26.520 --> 00:28:30.880 level, but always with respect for diversity and locality in 00:28:30.880 --> 00:28:33.800 what we call a kind of blend towards globalization. 00:28:34.280 --> 00:28:37.120 And I think this is also something that brings us together to 00:28:37.120 --> 00:28:41.960 look for common ground with respect for local diversity. 00:28:44.120 --> 00:28:49.920 I write also policy papers say to convince all kind of governments 00:28:49.920 --> 00:28:54.160 say that even do not really understand the beginning of planning. 00:28:54.320 --> 00:28:58.200 And let me be honest, that's about sixty seventy percent of the 00:28:58.200 --> 00:28:59.320 countries worldwide. 00:29:00.000 --> 00:29:05.520 So you might praise yourself, yours on the on the, on the better 00:29:05.520 --> 00:29:09.240 end of the spectrum, but so many countries do not have even the 00:29:09.240 --> 00:29:13.280 basic understanding of what sustainable planning means. 00:29:13.520 --> 00:29:20.560 Yes, and very often we get this feedback, yeah, we are doing master 00:29:20.560 --> 00:29:20.840 plans. 00:29:20.840 --> 00:29:25.760 But I always say, sorry, master plans is actually only one element 00:29:25.760 --> 00:29:27.200 in the long chain of planning. 00:29:27.520 --> 00:29:32.120 And basically it's not about say the master planning, it's it's 00:29:32.360 --> 00:29:35.840 should be more a collaborative planning effort, you know that. 00:29:35.840 --> 00:29:41.520 But many countries still work only with master plans and say 00:29:41.760 --> 00:29:43.560 also in planning. 00:29:44.600 --> 00:29:49.080 And this is something close to the heart of many people in in Isocarp 00:29:49.400 --> 00:29:53.680 is that we have to shift from this top down, shaping the future 00:29:53.960 --> 00:29:55.920 to a bottom up, sharing the future. 00:29:56.240 --> 00:30:02.200 Yes, with some key takeaways, but time is not on our side to go 00:30:02.200 --> 00:30:03.400 into detail. 00:30:03.400 --> 00:30:08.080 But maybe meanwhile you had the chance to read some of these takeaways. 00:30:08.080 --> 00:30:08.920 The same here. 00:30:09.280 --> 00:30:16.600 This is for me like planning in ten points, and these ten points 00:30:16.600 --> 00:30:20.400 needs alliances to make it happen. 00:30:20.920 --> 00:30:25.000 It cannot be done by planners only, it cannot be done by elected 00:30:25.000 --> 00:30:25.760 politicians. 00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:29.560 And it can of course not be done only by the private sector or the 00:30:29.560 --> 00:30:30.520 civil society. 00:30:31.080 --> 00:30:36.160 It needs a specific partnerships and collaborations. 00:30:36.760 --> 00:30:42.400 And this is a bit where I want to go based on my experience recently 00:30:42.400 --> 00:30:44.600 in in in Vietnam. 00:30:44.880 --> 00:30:51.440 Yeah, what I see around the world is a huge need for capacity, 00:30:53.040 --> 00:30:54.040 capacity. 00:30:54.160 --> 00:30:55.920 There are not enough trained planners. 00:30:55.920 --> 00:30:59.880 There will never be enough trained planners and maybe it's also 00:30:59.880 --> 00:31:00.600 not needed. 00:31:01.040 --> 00:31:06.240 I see planners more as the facilitators, the enablers, but not 00:31:06.240 --> 00:31:08.520 the ones who should do the whole plan. 00:31:09.120 --> 00:31:14.080 So we should actually review a little bit our our own limited 00:31:14.080 --> 00:31:18.360 resources and use our limited resources to mobilise more people 00:31:18.600 --> 00:31:21.600 that are not to be considered planners, but they are the experts 00:31:21.600 --> 00:31:22.760 of their own environment. 00:31:24.360 --> 00:31:28.120 And so the starting point for me in capacity building also always 00:31:28.400 --> 00:31:31.600 eighty percent of the knowledge and the know how is already within 00:31:31.600 --> 00:31:36.000 the organization the institution or the community And we planners, 00:31:36.800 --> 00:31:39.840 you know we are the facilitators to mobilise the twenty percent 00:31:40.120 --> 00:31:45.000 external knowledge and know how to unlock this intrinsic potential 00:31:45.920 --> 00:31:46.160 Very. 00:31:46.840 --> 00:31:48.160 The best way is always learning. 00:31:48.160 --> 00:31:53.680 By doing three types of learning using the theory of change framework, 00:31:53.840 --> 00:31:58.360 which you see here that you can only have successful impacts, 00:31:58.360 --> 00:32:04.080 outcomes, outputs, if you use the right kind of inputs and activities, 00:32:04.560 --> 00:32:06.440 resources, results. 00:32:06.440 --> 00:32:09.000 That's a theory of change, I guess you know it. 00:32:09.360 --> 00:32:14.080 I applied it in gaining a better understanding how planning 00:32:14.080 --> 00:32:14.880 systems work. 00:32:16.320 --> 00:32:19.960 Too often we look to planning systems only in the way of the planning 00:32:19.960 --> 00:32:20.400 law. 00:32:20.720 --> 00:32:22.400 But it's more complex than that. 00:32:23.040 --> 00:32:27.080 And planning systems you can also put them into this framework 00:32:27.080 --> 00:32:31.880 of theory of change, that the planning system you want to achieve 00:32:32.120 --> 00:32:36.480 depends on the inputs, depends on the activities you do with 00:32:36.480 --> 00:32:37.360 your planning system. 00:32:37.600 --> 00:32:42.320 And then you can have better plans, outputs, better places, 00:32:42.320 --> 00:32:45.200 outcomes and more sustainable development impacts. 00:32:45.800 --> 00:32:50.720 And it's something that can be used for each planning system 00:32:51.120 --> 00:32:54.640 based on a self assessment questionnaire i developed a couple 00:32:54.640 --> 00:33:00.360 of years ago part of the handbook for implementing the international 00:33:00.360 --> 00:33:04.760 guidelines on urban territorial planning system reform Well, 00:33:04.760 --> 00:33:10.040 that's of course very leaning on the previous presentation 00:33:10.520 --> 00:33:13.440 that we cannot continue with business as usual. 00:33:13.760 --> 00:33:15.880 Adaptive behaviour is not sufficient. 00:33:17.160 --> 00:33:21.120 We will keep on depleting the plenary boundaries, so there is 00:33:21.120 --> 00:33:22.800 need for a transformative action. 00:33:23.000 --> 00:33:26.600 Transformative cities needs transformative action and a whole 00:33:26.600 --> 00:33:27.800 new set of skills. 00:33:29.040 --> 00:33:34.080 So we I have no time to go into detail, but you get the gist of the 00:33:34.080 --> 00:33:39.560 presentation or the slides and it needs this, the building of 00:33:39.560 --> 00:33:43.880 sustainability alliances, not just among planners, architects 00:33:43.880 --> 00:33:44.920 and civil engineers. 00:33:45.120 --> 00:33:49.040 That's a little bit traditional, but still still very much needed 00:33:49.480 --> 00:33:54.480 with some interesting, you know, interchanges like placemaking, 00:33:54.480 --> 00:33:58.640 infrastructure construction where the three spheres overlap 00:33:58.640 --> 00:34:02.400 and should create a stronger, say, professional alliances. 00:34:03.040 --> 00:34:06.720 Of course, when we talk about the alliances, we talk about the 00:34:09.120 --> 00:34:12.520 local economic actors, local public administrations, local 00:34:12.520 --> 00:34:15.240 civil society, local scientific institutions. 00:34:15.360 --> 00:34:20.920 When we only look at the local, how this is applied through the 00:34:21.400 --> 00:34:24.080 projects I'm leading in Vietnam. 00:34:24.160 --> 00:34:31.440 Well I will be very short here and to say listen in Vietnam in in 00:34:31.440 --> 00:34:38.200 Poland you you try to to deal your own way with learning from the 00:34:38.200 --> 00:34:41.880 dark side of communism and the dark side of of capitalism and 00:34:41.880 --> 00:34:48.200 you blend it into something new D growth or post growth in in Vietnam 00:34:48.200 --> 00:34:53.960 they have a very other approach they try to blend capitalism 00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:01.240 into communism so you get a a highly commercialized state run 00:35:01.240 --> 00:35:05.640 system Now with this person for instance is the the managers 00:35:05.680 --> 00:35:10.040 or the the president of the Academy of Managers of Cities anti 00:35:10.760 --> 00:35:17.040 anti construction and they have a very particular view on how 00:35:17.040 --> 00:35:20.360 cities should develop, the way I showed you in the first picture. 00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:25.120 And we can try to to reset the mindset a little bit. 00:35:25.120 --> 00:35:30.960 See, because he is responsible for training of all the municipalities 00:35:30.960 --> 00:35:32.840 in Vietnam, that means something. 00:35:32.840 --> 00:35:37.600 If you can work a little bit on the mindset of these managers, 00:35:38.000 --> 00:35:42.320 you can have of course a large impact on the whole country itself. 00:35:42.920 --> 00:35:44.520 It's it's a difficult process. 00:35:44.520 --> 00:35:50.320 It doesn't go immediately, but step by step you can try to achieve 00:35:50.320 --> 00:35:51.560 some change. 00:35:51.800 --> 00:35:56.040 We work on the, the, the, the communication skills as much as 00:35:56.040 --> 00:35:59.920 on strategic planning skills, management skills and so on. 00:35:59.920 --> 00:36:05.720 So it's a very much oriented on skills rather than on the on the 00:36:06.080 --> 00:36:11.320 well on not just the the capability to plan, but the capability 00:36:11.560 --> 00:36:19.920 to make a plan or process a plan using let's say the key qualifiers 00:36:19.920 --> 00:36:21.640 of sustainable Urban Development. 00:36:21.800 --> 00:36:22.960 Nothing new to new. 00:36:23.080 --> 00:36:26.440 It has already been presented in the previous presentations. 00:36:26.440 --> 00:36:28.440 So I can go quickly here. 00:36:29.600 --> 00:36:34.840 And then we did in in in Vietnam a kind of analysis how the local 00:36:34.840 --> 00:36:38.400 partners are implementing this and we see that there is still 00:36:38.400 --> 00:36:42.760 of course room for a lot of improvement that is that is normal 00:36:43.400 --> 00:36:51.560 also related to a, you know a relaunch of the localised SDG implementation 00:36:51.800 --> 00:36:52.880 and acceleration. 00:36:54.240 --> 00:36:59.040 So coming to the four last point, the need for more purpose driven 00:36:59.040 --> 00:37:03.120 alliances to accelerate a localised implementation of SDGS 00:37:03.120 --> 00:37:04.280 and the new urban agenda. 00:37:04.760 --> 00:37:10.680 Yes, I guess you're familiar with this timeline and with different 00:37:10.680 --> 00:37:17.360 milestones in creating some kind of global policy framework 00:37:17.360 --> 00:37:19.720 on urban and territorial planning. 00:37:20.080 --> 00:37:25.920 Yes, it's, it's, it's started actually with this document here. 00:37:26.320 --> 00:37:29.120 The international guidelines on urban territorial planning 00:37:29.400 --> 00:37:36.400 was produced just before the SDGS So that was quite avant garde 00:37:36.640 --> 00:37:41.400 you could say but it's, it's it's well blended into the new urban 00:37:41.400 --> 00:37:47.680 agenda and and now we're in the decade of action but time is running 00:37:47.680 --> 00:37:55.040 out Say there was recently ASDG summit where say the UN Secretary 00:37:55.040 --> 00:37:58.960 General had to conclude that we are completely off track. 00:37:59.720 --> 00:38:04.560 We might have implemented fifteen percent at best of the SDGS 00:38:04.880 --> 00:38:09.840 and we are obviously halfway So we won't make it and the way we 00:38:09.840 --> 00:38:14.800 can make it will be probably not a business as usual. 00:38:17.280 --> 00:38:22.240 I will skip this one and I think it it also has to do with the way 00:38:22.240 --> 00:38:23.480 we do our profession. 00:38:25.080 --> 00:38:28.400 I also think we need to redefine a little bit how we address all 00:38:28.400 --> 00:38:33.680 these issues by not just focusing anymore on space in a physical 00:38:33.680 --> 00:38:39.280 way, on making plans, yes, but more on contributing to what I 00:38:39.280 --> 00:38:42.320 call sustainability planning, integrated sustainability 00:38:42.320 --> 00:38:42.760 planning. 00:38:43.200 --> 00:38:47.440 And with the four, with the three components and its subcomponents, 00:38:47.680 --> 00:38:51.520 yeah, I have a whole presentation explaining one by one but I 00:38:51.520 --> 00:38:55.400 would take another three hour or so, which we don't have now. 00:38:56.680 --> 00:39:01.480 So and but you can also summarize it in in ten steps of planning 00:39:01.480 --> 00:39:02.120 excellence. 00:39:02.320 --> 00:39:06.080 We have already heard some of these steps here, but for many countries 00:39:06.720 --> 00:39:10.800 they don't have steps, they just have the outsourcing to a company 00:39:10.800 --> 00:39:13.920 to make the plan and then when they come, when the plan comes back, 00:39:13.920 --> 00:39:17.640 they have no clue what is in that plan or how to implement it. 00:39:19.040 --> 00:39:24.800 So with changing the gears, let's say from making the plan to 00:39:26.680 --> 00:39:30.280 making the planning process with the right kind of partners 00:39:30.280 --> 00:39:36.720 collaboration, but first and foremost, setting the goal, right, 00:39:37.120 --> 00:39:40.880 whether it's a goal on global level or on national level or on 00:39:40.880 --> 00:39:43.800 local level, yes, it has to be purpose driven. 00:39:44.600 --> 00:39:46.760 It has to be purpose driven alliances. 00:39:47.320 --> 00:39:49.480 I will come back on this slide a bit later. 00:39:49.960 --> 00:39:54.120 And yeah, you have to make your traditional alliances with the 00:39:54.120 --> 00:39:58.040 key stakeholders at national level and at the local level. 00:39:59.200 --> 00:40:04.840 But in the end, what works best are alliances within the community 00:40:04.920 --> 00:40:07.040 at neighbourhood level is empowering. 00:40:07.040 --> 00:40:13.080 Communities say this is a fishing village community in Tan Tan 00:40:13.400 --> 00:40:18.000 South of Danang, where these people from the ministry. 00:40:18.640 --> 00:40:24.800 They went in there by saying prepare for a new era, prepare for 00:40:25.080 --> 00:40:30.120 a new development along the coast with beautiful towers, golden 00:40:30.120 --> 00:40:34.840 resorts, and you will become rich by selling your land and becoming, 00:40:35.680 --> 00:40:39.280 you know, maybe part of the development, whatever say, or you 00:40:39.280 --> 00:40:42.080 will be serving dishes, say depends. 00:40:42.080 --> 00:40:42.360 Yeah. 00:40:42.640 --> 00:40:46.480 And the community, we said let's go into that community with 00:40:46.480 --> 00:40:50.600 a different kind of mindset Instead of projecting ideas, let's 00:40:50.600 --> 00:40:54.240 see if they come up with some other alternatives. 00:40:54.240 --> 00:40:56.320 And they did and they did. 00:40:56.640 --> 00:40:58.560 But you have to empower those communities. 00:40:58.800 --> 00:41:03.480 You have to give them the how to say the the, the, the comfort to 00:41:03.480 --> 00:41:07.240 think a little bit outside of the box, well inside the box for 00:41:07.240 --> 00:41:10.600 them but outside the box for the leaders. 00:41:12.280 --> 00:41:16.000 So the need for stepping out to the comfort zone in terms of purpose 00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:20.640 and partnerships, well, you have seen this slide already about 00:41:20.720 --> 00:41:22.960 crossing planetary boundaries. 00:41:22.960 --> 00:41:24.680 So we've got that one. 00:41:27.360 --> 00:41:29.120 I will skip these. 00:41:29.680 --> 00:41:34.240 Yeah, this comes out of a voluntary National Review of the SDG 00:41:34.240 --> 00:41:35.680 implementation in Vietnam. 00:41:36.040 --> 00:41:38.840 It's an interesting exercise that all the countries, all the 00:41:38.840 --> 00:41:42.000 cities should do by themselves just to see where you are. 00:41:42.400 --> 00:41:49.280 And then you will have also a clear purpose to address. 00:41:49.960 --> 00:41:53.600 And this comfort zone, yes, and then where the magic happens, 00:41:53.880 --> 00:41:59.240 Well, here you see comfort zone, fear zone, the learning zone 00:41:59.240 --> 00:42:03.080 that is where we enter with the capacity building, training, 00:42:03.480 --> 00:42:07.000 acquire new skills, deal with challenges and problems. 00:42:07.160 --> 00:42:11.560 But the real growth zone, not the economic growth zone, but the 00:42:11.560 --> 00:42:15.040 mental learning growth zone is of course, finding purpose, 00:42:15.040 --> 00:42:18.080 live dreams, set new goals, conquer objectives. 00:42:18.760 --> 00:42:26.280 And it takes a planned effort to pull people out of this comfort zone. 00:42:26.640 --> 00:42:30.400 And that's where I think these alliances are needed. 00:42:31.760 --> 00:42:32.120 Yeah. 00:42:32.480 --> 00:42:36.320 And where we also have to be very critical as in the previous presentation 00:42:36.760 --> 00:42:42.480 that the SDGS are not the end station that we are coming from degenerative 00:42:42.480 --> 00:42:46.440 development and we have to get to regenerative development 00:42:46.720 --> 00:42:52.320 has been presented, I'm repeating, but when when a when something 00:42:52.320 --> 00:42:53.840 is repeated it becomes a trend. 00:42:53.960 --> 00:42:57.640 So that's interesting for the discussion and that's the last 00:42:57.640 --> 00:43:02.120 slide to say stepping out of the comfort zone must be backed up 00:43:02.680 --> 00:43:07.640 by these partnerships, working on the mindset, understanding 00:43:07.640 --> 00:43:08.480 other sectors. 00:43:09.320 --> 00:43:13.760 We talk about integrated multi sectorial but very often we don't 00:43:13.760 --> 00:43:18.000 do enough to understand how the other sectors are working human 00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:21.560 relation skills and technical partnering knowledge. 00:43:21.560 --> 00:43:22.920 So I leave it here. 00:43:22.920 --> 00:43:26.440 I think there is a lot in it for discussion, but I didn't want to 00:43:26.440 --> 00:43:30.640 be reprimanded by the future President of Isocarp. 00:43:30.640 --> 00:43:32.880 So I hope I'm more or less in time. 00:43:36.280 --> 00:43:37.080 Thank you, Frank. 00:43:38.920 --> 00:43:42.400 So thank you for raising another important point, which is collaboration 00:43:42.400 --> 00:43:45.280 and going out of the comfort zone, because there is still too 00:43:45.280 --> 00:43:52.840 much siloing And we will move and I invite to the stage Maros Finca, 00:43:53.400 --> 00:43:57.800 who will guide us and bring clarity from the fork of the futures 00:43:57.800 --> 00:44:00.160 to a clearer picture of transformation process. 00:44:03.840 --> 00:44:04.880 Thank you very much. 00:44:06.280 --> 00:44:08.760 As a typical professor, I need to walk. 00:44:10.040 --> 00:44:15.320 So I will follow Frank not only with my walking by my presentation, 00:44:15.320 --> 00:44:16.400 but as well. 00:44:16.400 --> 00:44:20.920 Concerning the idea, I feel much more comfortable than before 00:44:22.440 --> 00:44:27.320 being in the programme, after such excellence, presentation 00:44:27.840 --> 00:44:34.240 and especially underlying the need of change of paradigm, change 00:44:34.240 --> 00:44:40.440 of planning paradigm, which is a part of this overall transformation. 00:44:40.720 --> 00:44:44.360 But you know that the transformation can have different form, 00:44:44.760 --> 00:44:48.680 more evolutionary or more revolutionary. 00:44:48.680 --> 00:44:54.600 And I think we need from the output, the from the outside the output 00:44:55.000 --> 00:45:00.320 really to make the effort for principle change. 00:45:00.320 --> 00:45:04.560 And now we are in the moment, our societies, our cities needs 00:45:04.560 --> 00:45:05.640 to change. 00:45:06.560 --> 00:45:13.360 Majority of us I guess are from the nature accustomed to mediate 00:45:13.360 --> 00:45:17.640 the ideas by showing the visual visions. 00:45:18.040 --> 00:45:21.280 Many of us have the background in architecture. 00:45:21.280 --> 00:45:26.680 So it's very very clear that we are trying to to outline the the 00:45:26.680 --> 00:45:31.720 picture of the of the future of our cities in the three D pictures 00:45:31.720 --> 00:45:36.800 and models and so But we are now confronted more and more with 00:45:36.800 --> 00:45:43.520 the uncertain it is, uncertain it is which do not allow us to prescribe 00:45:44.080 --> 00:45:48.640 to to develop the models of the future, precise models of the 00:45:48.680 --> 00:45:49.640 of the futures. 00:45:50.160 --> 00:45:55.920 So we are really confronted with certain fuck of the future. 00:45:56.520 --> 00:46:03.600 And partially we lost with this our custom to mediate our pictures 00:46:03.600 --> 00:46:09.440 of the future in a very visual form, our authority in the society 00:46:09.760 --> 00:46:15.240 because many of our pictures became not to be implemented. 00:46:15.240 --> 00:46:20.960 So we have to to change as well the planning paradigm and focus 00:46:20.960 --> 00:46:27.520 much more not only on content but much more on processes, on transformation 00:46:27.640 --> 00:46:28.600 processes. 00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:35.480 All of us very, very happy about the the, the new normal. 00:46:35.480 --> 00:46:43.160 We return after COVID being back in the public spaces, having 00:46:43.160 --> 00:46:47.560 the possibility to travel to meet face to face at the conferences 00:46:47.840 --> 00:46:53.760 like today, but in the same time enjoying new services, enjoying 00:46:53.760 --> 00:46:57.880 much more homework, enjoying the development through the covet. 00:46:57.880 --> 00:47:00.720 And of course we have not fall asleep. 00:47:01.080 --> 00:47:03.480 But through the COVID we developed the ideas. 00:47:03.480 --> 00:47:11.040 What will come after COVID, mainly in a very optimistic view. 00:47:11.680 --> 00:47:16.000 But we are confronted with the new reality which is not so optimistic. 00:47:16.280 --> 00:47:21.720 And we are confronted with the new shocks, shocks not only from 00:47:21.720 --> 00:47:27.360 being ever about the return of our production and consumption 00:47:27.360 --> 00:47:31.360 level to the state of our before. 00:47:31.360 --> 00:47:36.000 COVID being confronted with the millions of people suffering 00:47:36.000 --> 00:47:42.600 from hunger, but being as well confronted with the new war in 00:47:42.600 --> 00:47:43.160 Europe. 00:47:43.560 --> 00:47:48.760 So five years ago, nobody would think about the possibility 00:47:48.760 --> 00:47:53.240 that the Europe will be confronted with the war in the heart of 00:47:53.240 --> 00:47:53.760 Europe. 00:47:54.280 --> 00:47:57.800 But it is not just the war between Ukraine and Russia. 00:47:57.800 --> 00:47:59.880 This is really a hybrid war. 00:48:00.320 --> 00:48:03.760 And all of us are confronted with the ethics of this war. 00:48:03.760 --> 00:48:12.640 Our cities are confronted about one and a half year ago The president 00:48:12.640 --> 00:48:18.360 from France apologize for his expression that this war 00:48:19.160 --> 00:48:24.720 has something positive in it, catalysing certain processes 00:48:24.720 --> 00:48:26.040 of transformation. 00:48:27.360 --> 00:48:31.760 It's very sad that the politician was saying something like 00:48:31.800 --> 00:48:39.280 this, but on the other hand it he has he was true because especially 00:48:39.280 --> 00:48:43.800 in the field of energy transition, the processes are are very 00:48:43.800 --> 00:48:44.680 increased. 00:48:50.440 --> 00:48:54.160 Being confronted with this new situation, I guess we there is 00:48:54.160 --> 00:49:00.720 the time to rethink the main implication of this new normal 00:49:01.280 --> 00:49:05.520 on the development of our cities and not only the cities. 00:49:05.520 --> 00:49:11.120 I guess we have to to speak about going beyond the borders of the 00:49:11.120 --> 00:49:15.080 cities and we have to to speak about the shift of our planning 00:49:15.080 --> 00:49:15.760 paradigm. 00:49:16.480 --> 00:49:21.520 We have to speak about different dimension of this change, speaking 00:49:21.520 --> 00:49:26.920 about new urbanity, new urban population, about falsification 00:49:26.920 --> 00:49:31.480 and virtualization of urbanity of our cities, about synergies 00:49:31.480 --> 00:49:36.760 of innovations, about new urban ecology, economy and society, 00:49:38.480 --> 00:49:41.720 Very briefly what it can be about. 00:49:42.720 --> 00:49:47.680 First, I would like to to focus on urbanity, because the urbanity 00:49:47.680 --> 00:49:53.080 is really a generic quality of the cities attracting the people 00:49:53.080 --> 00:49:56.440 to live, to work, to, to visit the cities. 00:49:57.400 --> 00:50:03.640 And this urbanity in the past was mainly based on the proximity 00:50:03.840 --> 00:50:09.520 to the density of resources, to the freedom of choice to use from 00:50:09.880 --> 00:50:11.200 different resources. 00:50:11.640 --> 00:50:17.120 Now the new urbanity is about to join and to share and Frank 00:50:17.440 --> 00:50:24.800 spoke about, for example, speaking about sharing or shaping 00:50:25.640 --> 00:50:27.400 the future of the cities. 00:50:27.920 --> 00:50:32.560 And this freedom to join and share is based on density of networks 00:50:32.600 --> 00:50:33.640 and interaction. 00:50:34.040 --> 00:50:37.320 Networks about people, networks about the businesses. 00:50:37.880 --> 00:50:42.760 And this is depending on the proximity to the knowledge and impulses 00:50:42.760 --> 00:50:47.840 for creativity about it is about synergies given by the this 00:50:47.840 --> 00:50:50.000 interactions and this. 00:50:50.040 --> 00:50:56.120 All processes around the new urbanity are framed by four dimensional 00:50:56.120 --> 00:51:00.120 space, bringing new dimension to urbanity. 00:51:00.120 --> 00:51:04.880 Important especially for this integration of technical, social 00:51:04.880 --> 00:51:10.080 and environmental innovations in urban space, creating really 00:51:10.080 --> 00:51:16.640 the spatial temporal structures, being the part of the policy 00:51:16.640 --> 00:51:20.160 unit planning, preparing the new urban agenda. 00:51:20.400 --> 00:51:26.240 We discussed the rapid growth of urban population and that time 00:51:26.240 --> 00:51:30.480 I opened the question, what does it mean urban population? 00:51:30.840 --> 00:51:33.880 Does it mean the people living just in the cities? 00:51:34.280 --> 00:51:38.080 And what about the people who are not living in official cities 00:51:38.080 --> 00:51:41.640 but in the suburb in the urban agglomerations? 00:51:42.600 --> 00:51:47.080 They are not urban population, they're a rural population. 00:51:47.080 --> 00:51:48.360 It's it's not true. 00:51:48.760 --> 00:51:52.880 So really we have to rethink the term urban population because 00:51:53.200 --> 00:51:57.960 of the extension of urban space beyond the border, of the build 00:51:57.960 --> 00:52:02.000 up areas and official territories of the cities. 00:52:03.320 --> 00:52:09.200 This is very closely linked to the extension of urbanity into 00:52:09.200 --> 00:52:15.760 the virtual space and the the change of the way of life in a rural 00:52:15.760 --> 00:52:16.560 population. 00:52:16.560 --> 00:52:21.320 So in in the sense of people living not in the cities, because 00:52:21.320 --> 00:52:26.200 they are not any more connected with the typical economic background 00:52:26.200 --> 00:52:32.720 in the rural settlements, which is the agriculture, we have 00:52:32.720 --> 00:52:36.960 to underline the continuity of physical urban space, which 00:52:36.960 --> 00:52:41.600 is important for identification and positioning of individual 00:52:41.600 --> 00:52:46.960 and communities, for the feeling to be the member to be the part 00:52:46.960 --> 00:52:48.520 of urban population. 00:52:49.960 --> 00:52:53.920 This is supported of course by the development of information 00:52:53.920 --> 00:52:59.320 and communication technologies and especially by the transformation 00:52:59.320 --> 00:53:03.120 of economic base and physical environment in the rural settlements. 00:53:05.400 --> 00:53:09.720 I have already spoken about the classification and virtualization, 00:53:10.040 --> 00:53:16.520 so the expansion of the urbanity, many of the services from the 00:53:16.640 --> 00:53:20.840 physical urban space to the virtual space. 00:53:21.280 --> 00:53:25.320 So we can speak about the extension of urban functions to the 00:53:25.320 --> 00:53:26.320 virtual space. 00:53:26.320 --> 00:53:31.280 Due to technology they will open which can bring as well the social 00:53:31.280 --> 00:53:36.080 classification being linked for example with the access to 00:53:36.080 --> 00:53:41.120 certain services and it is can develop the new stratification 00:53:41.120 --> 00:53:42.280 of the society. 00:53:43.520 --> 00:53:50.920 Very important is the term belonging, belonging to certain place. 00:53:51.240 --> 00:53:55.280 When you remember for example the the recent book of Andreas 00:53:55.280 --> 00:53:59.800 Faluti about the debt territorialization and the new role of 00:53:59.800 --> 00:54:06.000 places, this is another dimension of this problem of the debt 00:54:06.000 --> 00:54:07.480 territorialization. 00:54:08.720 --> 00:54:13.880 So we can for example see the multiple parallelism in using urban 00:54:13.880 --> 00:54:18.920 space and new spatial temporal star structures which is connected, 00:54:18.920 --> 00:54:23.400 for example with the presence on one person in two in more spaces. 00:54:23.600 --> 00:54:29.720 So I am now here, but somebody is following my presentation somewhere 00:54:29.760 --> 00:54:34.600 on the other side of the world in his living room. 00:54:35.840 --> 00:54:37.680 The same is in opposite. 00:54:37.800 --> 00:54:44.080 So several people can use the same space for several functions 00:54:44.080 --> 00:54:44.880 in parallel. 00:54:45.200 --> 00:54:49.880 For example, the the function of the public transport which 00:54:49.920 --> 00:54:56.880 was in the past typical function, transport in the sense of moving, 00:54:56.880 --> 00:55:01.600 is now connecting with the spread of information, with the learning, 00:55:01.600 --> 00:55:03.600 with the working and everything. 00:55:03.600 --> 00:55:09.560 So in one space of a carriage of a train, the different people 00:55:09.560 --> 00:55:12.120 use the same spell for different functions. 00:55:12.640 --> 00:55:17.040 And of course it is about the the development of new spatial temporal 00:55:17.040 --> 00:55:17.880 structures. 00:55:18.680 --> 00:55:22.600 What is very important to underline are the synergies between 00:55:22.600 --> 00:55:29.080 the innovations which are the preconditions for efficiency 00:55:29.080 --> 00:55:34.960 of implementing of many of the especially technological innovations. 00:55:35.320 --> 00:55:39.680 So it's not enough to introduce the technical or technology 00:55:39.680 --> 00:55:43.520 innovation it needs for example and it has been already mentioned 00:55:43.520 --> 00:55:49.560 as well here to develop the capacity for using the the technology 00:55:49.560 --> 00:55:55.360 innovation or create new legal framework for implementing 00:55:55.360 --> 00:55:58.080 this technical or technology innovation. 00:55:58.080 --> 00:56:02.720 So we have to speak about really synergy in the positive as well 00:56:02.720 --> 00:56:05.640 in the negative sense. 00:56:05.800 --> 00:56:10.640 For example, that the introduction of sub technology innovation 00:56:10.640 --> 00:56:14.960 can lead to the exclusion of some social group from using this 00:56:14.960 --> 00:56:19.880 innovation using for example the access to certain services. 00:56:20.440 --> 00:56:25.920 What is important to to say is that the cities can be not only the 00:56:26.040 --> 00:56:32.360 the object the target of the innovations, but as well as as they 00:56:32.360 --> 00:56:37.200 they can create the the environment for the development of the 00:56:37.200 --> 00:56:42.440 innovation which belongs important part of this attractiveness 00:56:42.440 --> 00:56:48.720 And with this as well of this new urbanity completely different 00:56:48.720 --> 00:56:53.680 concept are connected with the the economy transformation. 00:56:54.120 --> 00:56:59.880 Recently, some one month ago, I I learn, I myself learn that when 00:56:59.880 --> 00:57:06.960 I'm speaking about industry zero point four point zero i'm already 00:57:06.960 --> 00:57:11.560 out of fashion because now it's the speech about manufacturing 00:57:11.560 --> 00:57:17.240 X and what is this manufacturing X about it especially about 00:57:18.320 --> 00:57:24.160 this latest development which i had before on this slide It means 00:57:24.160 --> 00:57:28.760 the integration of echo innovations, technology, social behaviour 00:57:29.040 --> 00:57:33.520 and institutional innovations as a core instrument for sustainable 00:57:33.520 --> 00:57:37.080 Urban Development including the the economy. 00:57:37.760 --> 00:57:43.760 So you can see very clearly on this picture the change as well 00:57:43.760 --> 00:57:49.880 inside of the urban ecology in the concept of Urban Development 00:57:49.880 --> 00:57:50.400 greening. 00:57:50.400 --> 00:57:54.280 Let's say starting with the settlement entering the natural 00:57:54.520 --> 00:57:59.080 environment via greening the city via development of ecocity 00:57:59.360 --> 00:58:04.720 up to the smart eco development or smart ecocity including the 00:58:04.920 --> 00:58:09.560 the transition of economies of society and environment. 00:58:10.480 --> 00:58:14.440 And this is about the this this new urban economy which is not 00:58:14.440 --> 00:58:18.160 only collaborative but it's green circular economy. 00:58:18.360 --> 00:58:23.760 It's innovation ways based digital and open data economy. 00:58:24.000 --> 00:58:29.240 But it's as well about the health and care economy and resiliency, 00:58:29.760 --> 00:58:33.320 especially these days in the context of the challenges. 00:58:33.480 --> 00:58:39.840 Speaking about climate change or or the wars we know 00:58:39.840 --> 00:58:41.400 much better than before. 00:58:41.400 --> 00:58:46.160 What does it mean to have the resilience, economy. 00:58:47.560 --> 00:58:53.040 And of course all these changes are embedded in the transfer, 00:58:53.480 --> 00:58:57.800 transition or transformation of the society towards new urban 00:58:57.800 --> 00:58:58.720 society. 00:58:59.120 --> 00:59:05.480 And many of the ideas has been mentioned by Frank as well, framing 00:59:05.480 --> 00:59:11.280 the quality of life of each specific community members develop 00:59:11.320 --> 00:59:15.600 based on self learnings and self organizing abilities in the 00:59:15.600 --> 00:59:20.120 communities and functioning based on principles of cooperation, 00:59:20.320 --> 00:59:23.640 torrent safety, security and justness. 00:59:24.160 --> 00:59:30.560 And this is based on sharing the the values of course what we need 00:59:30.560 --> 00:59:37.480 of course in any community or society is a proper management 00:59:37.480 --> 00:59:39.840 system or governance system. 00:59:40.080 --> 00:59:43.360 So we have to speak about the transition from the government 00:59:43.360 --> 00:59:48.400 to governance and we can for example come with the concept of 00:59:48.400 --> 00:59:53.040 polycentric multi level governance system combining the transitional 00:59:53.040 --> 00:59:56.760 concept which we know from spatial planning with the concept 00:59:56.760 --> 00:59:58.640 of the governance. 01:00:00.280 --> 01:00:06.520 Transformation as defined by Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom. 01:00:06.800 --> 01:00:11.240 This is one of the output from our collaboration with the the 01:00:11.280 --> 01:00:12.880 team of Elinor Ostrom. 01:00:14.480 --> 01:00:21.480 I would like to finish with with this idea, which is from the ethic 01:00:21.480 --> 01:00:23.800 and and mission defined in our center. 01:00:24.160 --> 01:00:29.160 Responsibility for the space means responsibility for the life. 01:00:29.720 --> 01:00:37.080 So responsibility for transforming the spaces means responsibility 01:00:37.200 --> 01:00:39.040 for transforming our lives. 01:00:39.240 --> 01:00:40.880 Thank you very much for your attention. 01:00:44.080 --> 01:00:50.320 Thank you very much, Maros, for pointing to the the many elements 01:00:51.160 --> 01:00:53.840 that we have to review and the uncertainties in the future. 01:00:53.840 --> 01:00:56.400 So we there is a lot of notions we have to rethink. 01:00:58.200 --> 01:01:00.640 Another element I think, which was important. 01:01:01.000 --> 01:01:03.280 We heard already the importance of the neighbourhood level 01:01:03.280 --> 01:01:10.240 and the community, but also the larger than city place to go beyond 01:01:10.240 --> 01:01:11.960 the traditional territories. 01:01:13.960 --> 01:01:17.000 For the next two speakers, we have the young planners of the European 01:01:17.000 --> 01:01:20.600 Council of Town Planners and they will address certain tools 01:01:21.080 --> 01:01:24.120 to increase the success of urban transformation. 01:01:24.520 --> 01:01:29.000 The first one through the tool of multiple benefits analysis 01:01:29.000 --> 01:01:32.800 and then the second presentation through the use of remote sensing. 01:01:33.200 --> 01:01:55.210 So can I invite to the floor Irene Bertolami, So good morning 01:01:55.210 --> 01:01:55.970 to everyone. 01:01:56.690 --> 01:02:01.640 This was started with a simple question, so it is how to increase 01:02:01.640 --> 01:02:03.720 the success of urban transformations. 01:02:04.840 --> 01:02:08.600 I will show you briefly how we investigating the stakeholders 01:02:08.600 --> 01:02:12.320 perceptions through multiple benefit analysis. 01:02:14.440 --> 01:02:20.240 So especially in recent years lot of different city sustainable 01:02:20.240 --> 01:02:24.760 models emerged like there's more city positive energy district 01:02:24.800 --> 01:02:29.160 and climate positive circular community concepts and these 01:02:29.160 --> 01:02:35.080 are especially for combat the climate change and to be resilient 01:02:35.520 --> 01:02:42.560 and let's see the context of application of our methodology. 01:02:42.760 --> 01:02:44.400 So we start. 01:02:44.400 --> 01:02:51.240 We studied especially these two projects that are funded by 01:02:51.240 --> 01:02:58.200 the Horizon twenty twenty and the first one is dealing with the 01:02:58.200 --> 01:03:01.960 climate positive circular community The three for net zero 01:03:01.960 --> 01:03:05.480 greenhouse gas emissions, energy flexibility and circular 01:03:05.480 --> 01:03:12.200 economic principles and is on based on the three pillars the 01:03:12.200 --> 01:03:19.640 integration, circularity and simplicity and we go and and then 01:03:19.640 --> 01:03:24.960 we have the Pro Light project that is dealing with the especially 01:03:24.960 --> 01:03:28.600 with the positive energy districts that are district that produce 01:03:28.600 --> 01:03:34.680 more than what they consume and they are also especially for 01:03:34.680 --> 01:03:41.120 the renovation, replication and the social innovation of the 01:03:41.240 --> 01:03:48.000 cities And both of them have some case studies the project have 01:03:48.000 --> 01:03:52.080 this concept but then there are six case studies for each project 01:03:52.440 --> 01:03:53.880 in all over Europe. 01:03:54.760 --> 01:04:01.280 So, but we asked ourselves, what are the real impacts that these 01:04:01.280 --> 01:04:03.120 urban projects have on the territory? 01:04:03.680 --> 01:04:06.160 Does they have only technological improvements? 01:04:06.320 --> 01:04:11.400 And why should residents, the end users accept the changes proposed 01:04:11.400 --> 01:04:15.360 by the projects which are the value perceived by the people? 01:04:17.640 --> 01:04:24.280 So this question close to be addressed with the multiple benefits 01:04:24.680 --> 01:04:25.320 concept. 01:04:26.160 --> 01:04:33.920 And so we know that any project deliver some main goals one or 01:04:33.920 --> 01:04:39.720 more, but there are a lot of Co benefits that are the ones that 01:04:39.720 --> 01:04:46.800 can be emerged intentionally or collateral as a result of of 01:04:46.800 --> 01:04:47.480 the project. 01:04:47.960 --> 01:04:53.000 And then we have the multiple benefits that are the positive 01:04:53.000 --> 01:04:58.280 impacts that are considered in a holistic way, so without ranking 01:04:58.280 --> 01:04:58.960 prejudice. 01:05:01.480 --> 01:05:07.760 So the methodology we applied is this one actually we reviewed 01:05:07.760 --> 01:05:13.680 the literature and project screening of really similar projects 01:05:14.400 --> 01:05:18.840 and we found out some multiple benefits. 01:05:19.000 --> 01:05:25.360 Then we did a worship with the project partners and we decided 01:05:25.360 --> 01:05:28.240 together about a list of multiple benefits. 01:05:28.640 --> 01:05:32.880 And then we brainstormed with local partners from each case 01:05:32.880 --> 01:05:37.320 study and we obtain a final list of multiple benefits per each 01:05:37.360 --> 01:05:37.960 case study. 01:05:37.960 --> 01:05:42.480 And of course, a really important part is the dissemination 01:05:42.480 --> 01:05:43.600 of the results. 01:05:45.520 --> 01:05:52.040 We used then a questionnaire to survey the perception of the 01:05:52.400 --> 01:05:57.760 stakeholders and we use in particular this method that is the 01:05:57.760 --> 01:06:01.480 best word scaling, a survey method for assessing individuals 01:06:01.480 --> 01:06:02.320 priorities. 01:06:03.440 --> 01:06:10.080 It asks to the responded to identify the best and worst element, 01:06:10.080 --> 01:06:16.320 in this case the best and worst multiple benefit. 01:06:16.640 --> 01:06:20.960 And this prosecutor will have to be repeated for several tasks, 01:06:21.080 --> 01:06:27.320 in this case nine and which randomly show different combinations 01:06:27.320 --> 01:06:28.240 of the elements. 01:06:28.600 --> 01:06:34.320 So at the end of the exercise we will have the same number of times 01:06:34.520 --> 01:06:40.240 the the the element was shown and then compared with other elements. 01:06:41.920 --> 01:06:44.960 So why did you choose this approach? 01:06:45.040 --> 01:06:47.880 Because it's simple, precise and efficient. 01:06:48.720 --> 01:06:54.120 In fact, it's a binary choice, so we just have to choose the best 01:06:54.120 --> 01:07:00.480 and worst among just six in this case elements. 01:07:00.880 --> 01:07:07.880 Then is precise because give less ambiguity by the limiting 01:07:07.880 --> 01:07:13.160 choice and is officially efficient because it is less mentally 01:07:13.160 --> 01:07:13.840 demanding. 01:07:16.040 --> 01:07:22.560 So repeat briefly, which is the goal is to obtain a ranking of 01:07:22.560 --> 01:07:25.280 multiple benefits based on the difference they call. 01:07:25.280 --> 01:07:30.280 There's perception calibrated on each them case because it's 01:07:30.280 --> 01:07:35.720 really important to let people and end users that are also not 01:07:35.720 --> 01:07:41.440 expert to understand the actual improvement of our project 01:07:43.480 --> 01:07:44.240 in practice. 01:07:46.720 --> 01:07:53.480 We saw a workshop with the project expert for each project and 01:07:53.640 --> 01:07:57.280 we acknowledged them with the list of multiple benefits that 01:07:57.360 --> 01:08:00.000 there was derived from the literature review. 01:08:01.280 --> 01:08:07.600 Then we let them write some multiple benefits that they thought 01:08:07.840 --> 01:08:11.600 that may derive from the project. 01:08:12.000 --> 01:08:19.240 In a online board, we use the mirror and actually we asked them 01:08:19.240 --> 01:08:24.560 to categorise the benefits in the some categories, social, 01:08:24.560 --> 01:08:26.920 governance, environment and economic. 01:08:27.600 --> 01:08:34.520 Then we had the definition of a unique definition of the unique 01:08:34.520 --> 01:08:36.520 label for similar elements. 01:08:36.520 --> 01:08:40.080 And in the end we created a really short list of multiple benefits 01:08:40.120 --> 01:08:44.280 composed by eighteen multiple benefits because we saw that 01:08:44.280 --> 01:08:50.200 was the best number for our methodology, best for scaling. 01:08:51.280 --> 01:08:55.600 And yeah, we did the the thing for the our project and also for 01:08:55.600 --> 01:08:56.680 the Pro Light project. 01:08:59.280 --> 01:09:02.000 Then we passed the local level. 01:09:02.680 --> 01:09:10.560 So we showed the list of multiple benefits created both with 01:09:10.560 --> 01:09:15.360 the project partners and what to the from the literature review 01:09:15.680 --> 01:09:18.360 to the local partners. 01:09:18.560 --> 01:09:24.080 And we brainstorm with them to try to tailor the list of multiple 01:09:24.080 --> 01:09:26.400 benefits per each demo case. 01:09:26.440 --> 01:09:34.200 And we it for now for the ARV project in practice, which are these 01:09:34.240 --> 01:09:35.240 multiple benefits? 01:09:36.240 --> 01:09:41.800 So this is the first list derived from the literature review. 01:09:42.920 --> 01:09:47.880 We divided it in these these colours that represent the categories. 01:09:48.720 --> 01:09:52.720 The purple one is the social category. 01:09:52.720 --> 01:09:58.320 Then we have the green category that is the environmental, economic 01:09:58.720 --> 01:10:00.280 and governance. 01:10:01.400 --> 01:10:05.240 And here you can see that the least changed a bit. 01:10:05.600 --> 01:10:11.160 We have really different kind of benefits from the more quantifiable 01:10:11.160 --> 01:10:16.960 ones, for example, air pollutant emission reduced to for example, 01:10:16.960 --> 01:10:21.480 the increased awareness, awareness on environmental and energy 01:10:21.480 --> 01:10:27.560 issues, improved indoor comfort, also economic savings, increasing 01:10:27.560 --> 01:10:30.080 property value and so on. 01:10:31.440 --> 01:10:36.680 So to conclude, applying multiple benefits approach to urban 01:10:36.680 --> 01:10:42.360 planning, we think that is essential for creating a really sustainable 01:10:42.480 --> 01:10:45.200 and inclusive city. 01:10:45.800 --> 01:10:51.240 And actually it is important to ensure that the different aspects 01:10:51.240 --> 01:10:53.480 are taken into considerations. 01:10:54.640 --> 01:11:02.120 We also saw that there were some difficulties to work with project 01:11:02.120 --> 01:11:05.400 partners, local stakeholders and etcetera. 01:11:05.400 --> 01:11:11.520 So we also think that the the role of the urban planner and of the 01:11:11.560 --> 01:11:16.240 researcher must consider their end users needs and actually 01:11:17.000 --> 01:11:23.360 try to also modify the the approach and tailor on the specific 01:11:23.360 --> 01:11:23.720 case. 01:11:25.480 --> 01:11:29.920 Then we should create, for example, a concise questionnaire 01:11:29.920 --> 01:11:36.320 because actually people don't have so much time to do it and we 01:11:36.320 --> 01:11:40.240 should be really effective also in communicating the advantages 01:11:41.400 --> 01:11:44.120 of doing the questioning end of the project. 01:11:44.120 --> 01:11:48.720 So the aspiration actually is to give more relevance to these 01:11:48.720 --> 01:11:53.440 multiple benefits, study and try to stand. 01:11:53.440 --> 01:11:57.680 I have a standardised methodology at a global or at least European 01:11:57.680 --> 01:11:58.200 level. 01:11:58.600 --> 01:12:05.160 Thank you really for walking us through this approach of multiple 01:12:05.160 --> 01:12:06.240 benefits analysis. 01:12:06.520 --> 01:12:08.400 I'd like to give the floor to Julia. 01:12:08.400 --> 01:12:15.560 Gary, good morning. 01:12:19.200 --> 01:12:20.400 Good morning, everyone. 01:12:20.800 --> 01:12:25.480 Many thanks for this opportunity and I really thank all the conference 01:12:25.480 --> 01:12:29.240 organizer for allowing me to present the line. 01:12:30.280 --> 01:12:34.960 I'm an urban environmental planner based in Florence in Italy, 01:12:35.000 --> 01:12:40.000 and I have the great pleasure to present today my research project. 01:12:40.680 --> 01:12:48.640 And I'm sharing with you my presentation about urban projects 01:12:49.000 --> 01:12:53.920 that I'm working on as a research fellow at the Institute of Bioeconomy 01:12:54.160 --> 01:12:57.040 of the National Research Council of Italy. 01:12:57.680 --> 01:13:01.320 And my contribution will deal with remote sensing and climate 01:13:01.320 --> 01:13:04.240 change mitigation strategies in urban environments. 01:13:05.000 --> 01:13:10.960 And I'd like to start for from my research topics related to 01:13:11.880 --> 01:13:15.440 Earth of this mission environment, urban climate. 01:13:15.480 --> 01:13:20.800 In particular, urban planning linked to adaptation and mitigation 01:13:20.800 --> 01:13:25.040 strategies involving cool materials and natural based solutions 01:13:25.400 --> 01:13:29.080 to mitigate thermal anomalies in urban areas. 01:13:29.720 --> 01:13:34.760 The research strategies are mainly based on Earth observation, 01:13:34.760 --> 01:13:39.840 data analysis and environmental modeling to perform microclimate 01:13:39.840 --> 01:13:42.080 simulation of design scenarios. 01:13:42.520 --> 01:13:46.160 Among the most important activities there is definitely the 01:13:46.200 --> 01:13:50.960 thermal comfort detection by measuring environmental parameters 01:13:51.040 --> 01:13:54.360 and simulating microclimate in urban areas. 01:13:55.600 --> 01:14:00.240 My contribution is focused on the research approaches and activities 01:14:00.240 --> 01:14:05.240 from three main projects which are involved with the scientific, 01:14:05.240 --> 01:14:09.360 scientific direction of the National Reserve Council of Italy 01:14:09.760 --> 01:14:15.400 and in collaboration with several research partners like the 01:14:15.480 --> 01:14:21.280 Italian Space Agency, the Institute for Environmental Protection 01:14:21.280 --> 01:14:25.720 and Research as well as local public administrations. 01:14:26.400 --> 01:14:31.520 These projects focus on the monitoring of climate change effects 01:14:31.560 --> 01:14:35.920 and urban biodiversity within the Italian municipalities. 01:14:36.160 --> 01:14:41.120 There are three main projects, the Mrifikos project, the Florence 01:14:41.120 --> 01:14:42.760 model and the Thermal Spot. 01:14:44.040 --> 01:14:48.760 The aim is to provide essential information on urban landscape 01:14:48.960 --> 01:14:54.920 and support to local administration to identify proper mitigation 01:14:54.920 --> 01:14:59.080 intervention in urban areas, in particular to mitigate the 01:14:59.080 --> 01:15:01.240 thermal anomalies of the city. 01:15:01.600 --> 01:15:05.760 In practical terms, the research results will integrate the 01:15:06.240 --> 01:15:10.560 municipal urban plan and agree management plans of the Italian 01:15:10.560 --> 01:15:11.400 municipalities. 01:15:13.600 --> 01:15:17.240 Then I'm going to present the main topics of our projects. 01:15:17.520 --> 01:15:22.880 I will show you several maps of the city of Florence in Italy located 01:15:22.880 --> 01:15:25.080 in the middle area of Italy. 01:15:25.360 --> 01:15:30.720 Florence here is selected as a case study but with our working 01:15:30.720 --> 01:15:36.040 on the wall Italian territory including about eight thousand 01:15:36.040 --> 01:15:41.720 municipalities by providing just special data mainly maps 01:15:41.720 --> 01:15:46.800 and Geo database by using GIS software and cloud platform. 01:15:47.640 --> 01:15:51.200 The first topic regards the urban landscape and morphology 01:15:51.200 --> 01:15:55.880 characteristics, mainly based on detailed analysis from earth 01:15:55.960 --> 01:16:02.160 specification multi temporal data collected within the Italian 01:16:02.840 --> 01:16:03.400 cities. 01:16:03.600 --> 01:16:08.360 Here are some maps of the city of Florence about the characteristics 01:16:08.360 --> 01:16:10.760 of urban landscape and morphology. 01:16:12.480 --> 01:16:16.880 It's essential to detect the urban characteristics affecting 01:16:16.880 --> 01:16:22.200 the urban microclimate, like the imperviousness, water and 01:16:22.200 --> 01:16:25.200 wetness, area, tree cover and grassland. 01:16:26.480 --> 01:16:31.120 Then the morphology is also detected by on site measurement 01:16:31.280 --> 01:16:36.440 by ladder data providing eight data of every single urban element 01:16:36.680 --> 01:16:37.600 on the surface. 01:16:37.800 --> 01:16:43.600 So, so from these we are able to retrieve morphology indicator 01:16:43.800 --> 01:16:49.240 like the Sky V factor which allows us to detect the most exposed 01:16:49.240 --> 01:16:51.720 area to solar radiation for example. 01:16:52.480 --> 01:16:57.360 The second topic includes the surface urban, eat, highland 01:16:57.600 --> 01:16:59.480 and thermal anomaly detection. 01:17:00.040 --> 01:17:04.400 This mainly involves remote sensing data collected by satellites, 01:17:04.560 --> 01:17:11.200 in particular from Landsat eight data from the NASA emissions 01:17:11.800 --> 01:17:16.160 which provide thermal data and thirty meters special resolution. 01:17:16.600 --> 01:17:20.040 We collected this data to retrieve land surface temperature, 01:17:20.360 --> 01:17:23.240 which is an important geophysical parameter affecting the 01:17:23.480 --> 01:17:28.320 urban microclimate and is essential in understanding which 01:17:30.080 --> 01:17:33.000 urban areas are more critical than others. 01:17:33.520 --> 01:17:38.240 For this reason, we have calculated thermal indicator indicators 01:17:38.240 --> 01:17:43.280 on the land surface temperature data set at first by obtaining 01:17:43.840 --> 01:17:49.880 the surface urban IT Thailand intensity indicator, then detecting 01:17:49.880 --> 01:17:54.440 surface thermal anomalies by applying A statistical method 01:17:54.760 --> 01:17:59.560 on land surface data and retrieved so the hotspot map. 01:18:00.480 --> 01:18:05.240 From this map on the right side, we can understand which are the 01:18:05.240 --> 01:18:07.560 most critical thermal anomaly. 01:18:07.560 --> 01:18:15.040 East area we have hot and cool spot areas considered as a 01:18:15.600 --> 01:18:19.160 significant clusters. 01:18:19.520 --> 01:18:24.360 So in hot spot areas we recorded the highest temperatures, while 01:18:24.360 --> 01:18:29.120 in the cool spot areas we detected the lowest temperatures in 01:18:29.120 --> 01:18:29.640 summer. 01:18:30.320 --> 01:18:34.640 This information can support urban planners in identifying 01:18:34.640 --> 01:18:38.120 the proper areas where to address mitigation strategies to 01:18:38.120 --> 01:18:40.040 mitigate thermal anomalies. 01:18:41.080 --> 01:18:46.240 In addition to this analysis, it's important to integrate Earth 01:18:46.480 --> 01:18:49.200 observation data by weather climate data. 01:18:49.600 --> 01:18:53.320 So the following topic is the weather climate characterization 01:18:53.720 --> 01:18:58.640 based on the collection of weather data recorded on real time 01:18:58.760 --> 01:19:02.560 by weather stations located in specific urban areas. 01:19:03.240 --> 01:19:09.480 The first outcome is a geocoded weather climate database, including 01:19:10.600 --> 01:19:15.240 information about air temperature, solar radiation, humidity, 01:19:15.360 --> 01:19:19.840 wind direction and speed, and some air quality indicators. 01:19:20.880 --> 01:19:26.240 The second outcome is regard is about the local climate zone 01:19:27.280 --> 01:19:32.720 obtained by geospatial data about urban landscape and morphology. 01:19:33.320 --> 01:19:37.200 In particular, according to the research application in this 01:19:37.200 --> 01:19:42.320 field for urban landscape, components have been combined in 01:19:42.320 --> 01:19:45.360 particular eight of buildings and trees. 01:19:45.360 --> 01:19:50.840 Taking of roughness features, the surface cover and thermal 01:19:50.840 --> 01:19:57.920 properties of urban surfaces like the thermal admittance local 01:19:57.920 --> 01:20:03.200 climate zones shows urban classes which are homogeneous in 01:20:03.200 --> 01:20:04.920 terms of urban features. 01:20:05.400 --> 01:20:09.080 So this information is essential in understanding the main 01:20:09.080 --> 01:20:12.680 elements affecting the urban microclimate and in particular 01:20:12.680 --> 01:20:18.040 to support the detection of urban areas for mitigation interventions. 01:20:19.160 --> 01:20:23.720 So let's move on on the last topic about environmental modeling 01:20:23.720 --> 01:20:27.200 of microclimate simulation in urban areas. 01:20:27.880 --> 01:20:33.800 The aim is to evaluate and quantify the thermal comfort provided 01:20:33.800 --> 01:20:38.840 by nature based solution and cool materials by doing a comparison 01:20:39.120 --> 01:20:42.120 between the current situation and the design scenarios. 01:20:43.320 --> 01:20:50.280 Here is the case study from the biggest hot spot in Florence in 01:20:50.280 --> 01:20:55.520 Agri food market in the peripheral area of the city. 01:20:55.920 --> 01:21:01.160 In this area, the most important hot spot in summer was detected 01:21:01.640 --> 01:21:07.240 recording about forty eight degrees in summer From the modeling 01:21:07.520 --> 01:21:12.840 of the current situation in terms of land cover, building eight 01:21:12.840 --> 01:21:16.440 three eight and three species and so on, we passed today three 01:21:16.440 --> 01:21:17.520 design scenarios. 01:21:18.040 --> 01:21:22.280 So different three patterns have been performed in this case 01:21:23.000 --> 01:21:28.360 by providing different trick over on pavements whether wherever 01:21:28.440 --> 01:21:33.440 it was possible in order to allow space for work activities in 01:21:33.720 --> 01:21:40.280 since it's an Agri food market, especially for movement for 01:21:40.280 --> 01:21:41.160 trucks movement. 01:21:42.040 --> 01:21:45.440 From this illustration we can view different microclimate 01:21:45.440 --> 01:21:50.120 simulations of the three design scenarios from the current 01:21:50.120 --> 01:21:55.840 situation name as A to the different three patterns in terms 01:21:55.840 --> 01:22:00.880 of air temperatures variation, surface temperatures variation 01:22:00.880 --> 01:22:06.120 and so on like mean, right in temperatures and other thermal 01:22:06.120 --> 01:22:07.680 comfort indicators. 01:22:08.520 --> 01:22:14.120 So we have explore the main research topics and now I'd like to 01:22:14.200 --> 01:22:16.880 focus on to discuss the results in brief. 01:22:17.480 --> 01:22:23.480 So the ultimate goal of our projects is definitely to share our 01:22:24.080 --> 01:22:30.280 results in terms of indicators, just spatial data maps with 01:22:30.280 --> 01:22:36.320 the community through a web GIS platform where we will share 01:22:36.600 --> 01:22:42.120 all data with local public administrations and professionals 01:22:42.120 --> 01:22:49.280 involved in urban, in urban planning with the aim to help the 01:22:49.440 --> 01:22:54.320 detection of mitigation strategies and in urban areas. 01:22:54.560 --> 01:23:01.080 So that's and that ends the last part of my talk and thank you very 01:23:01.080 --> 01:23:03.120 much for your attention. 01:23:03.320 --> 01:23:09.360 I'm happy to take any questions and you can also email me if you 01:23:10.800 --> 01:23:12.680 if you want further details. 01:23:13.200 --> 01:23:13.680 Thank you. 01:23:18.280 --> 01:23:18.560 Thank you. 01:23:18.560 --> 01:23:22.640 Julia, I was just informed she was meant to be here in person, 01:23:22.640 --> 01:23:24.880 but there was an accident couple of days ago. 01:23:24.880 --> 01:23:27.080 So she did the presentation online. 01:23:27.080 --> 01:23:31.600 Thank you very much also for taking us through the your research 01:23:32.680 --> 01:23:36.120 and giving some pointers to how local administrations and urban 01:23:36.120 --> 01:23:41.720 planners can focus and prioritize areas to mitigate or define 01:23:41.720 --> 01:23:43.080 local climate zones. 01:23:43.880 --> 01:23:49.000 So thank you everyone who spoke this morning. 01:23:49.280 --> 01:23:53.200 My name 's oliver norman and i'm one of the ECTP young planners 01:23:53.880 --> 01:23:59.800 working in waltham forest in london I have a question for Isabella 01:23:59.800 --> 01:24:00.280 and Robert. 01:24:00.560 --> 01:24:06.200 Coming back to really the first presentation we saw, which obviously 01:24:06.200 --> 01:24:09.440 was very interesting and provocative as a plan of working in 01:24:09.440 --> 01:24:12.360 a city which is the main growth engine of the whole country. 01:24:14.040 --> 01:24:18.360 How do you think about inequality in relation to to this concept? 01:24:18.360 --> 01:24:20.880 Because I think, you know, we saw some examples in Vienna which 01:24:20.880 --> 01:24:25.000 are are inspiring, but I think some of the benefits might derive 01:24:25.000 --> 01:24:30.520 from a more equal society and a more kind of all encompassing 01:24:30.720 --> 01:24:34.600 provision So I wonder if you could maybe, yeah, talk about how 01:24:34.600 --> 01:24:38.080 inequality might feature in in this concept of degrowth. 01:24:39.760 --> 01:24:42.600 I I allowed myself to enter the stage. 01:24:43.400 --> 01:24:48.320 So it's a great question and of course I we tried to convey this 01:24:48.320 --> 01:24:48.600 message. 01:24:48.640 --> 01:24:52.960 But social, social justice is really at the heart of of De Grove. 01:24:52.960 --> 01:24:56.600 Because if you introduce those policies which basically limit 01:24:56.600 --> 01:24:59.760 our ability to extract things from the environment, then of 01:24:59.760 --> 01:25:04.280 course general price, whether it's a financial price, but access 01:25:04.280 --> 01:25:06.800 to cheap resources will be lower. 01:25:07.440 --> 01:25:12.000 And the problem is that if we leave the the, let's say, social 01:25:12.000 --> 01:25:14.480 considerations apart, then of course those people who depend 01:25:14.480 --> 01:25:22.080 on resources like a mechanic who or a plumber who has to use his 01:25:22.080 --> 01:25:25.040 or her car to get to the client, etcetera, they will be left out 01:25:25.040 --> 01:25:29.160 of they, they will be left behind and without means to fulfil 01:25:29.160 --> 01:25:30.160 their basic needs. 01:25:30.680 --> 01:25:31.440 And This is why. 01:25:32.760 --> 01:25:39.000 So This is why we tried to convey that you need those progressive 01:25:39.120 --> 01:25:43.880 taxation, for instance, as a mechanism which is alleviating 01:25:43.880 --> 01:25:48.520 the fact, the fact that resources will be, broadly speaking, 01:25:48.520 --> 01:25:49.280 more expensive. 01:25:49.280 --> 01:25:55.120 So in the review which was on one of the slides of the growth policy 01:25:55.120 --> 01:25:59.760 proposals, in fact, they found out that social equity postulates 01:25:59.760 --> 01:26:03.040 are mentioned even more frequently than the environmental 01:26:03.360 --> 01:26:05.160 ecological economics postulates. 01:26:05.160 --> 01:26:08.240 So it's a project in construction. 01:26:08.520 --> 01:26:12.840 But I can assure you that, and this is in fact often controversial, 01:26:13.240 --> 01:26:17.760 but it is a key point of the growth to try to make this transformation 01:26:17.760 --> 01:26:18.760 socially just. 01:26:22.240 --> 01:26:24.040 Hi, I'm Rajendra Kumar. 01:26:24.040 --> 01:26:26.880 I'm an architect and planner BE in Delhi. 01:26:26.880 --> 01:26:29.120 I'm director of architectural school. 01:26:29.160 --> 01:26:30.600 My question is for Frank. 01:26:31.520 --> 01:26:32.120 Frank. 01:26:32.880 --> 01:26:37.320 Yeah, well, the city is for people and you know the people. 01:26:37.320 --> 01:26:41.440 When when we talk about people with citizens and you know the 01:26:41.440 --> 01:26:44.680 one of the very major constraint is about the number of people. 01:26:44.680 --> 01:26:46.360 I mean the the populations. 01:26:46.960 --> 01:26:50.760 I come from global south which where the number are extremely high. 01:26:51.640 --> 01:26:53.440 I'd like to share one anecdote. 01:26:53.440 --> 01:26:58.120 I was with the prime President of Slovenia a few months back and 01:26:58.120 --> 01:27:02.480 he said that, you know, the population of Slovenia is increasing 01:27:02.480 --> 01:27:03.000 a lot now. 01:27:03.040 --> 01:27:04.640 It is becoming a two million. 01:27:05.280 --> 01:27:08.440 I said your Excellency, the population of New Delhi is twenty 01:27:08.440 --> 01:27:09.200 two million. 01:27:09.760 --> 01:27:14.560 So you imagine the scale and I'll bring you back again, you know 01:27:14.560 --> 01:27:19.720 one of the very interesting example of city planning by Corbusier 01:27:19.720 --> 01:27:24.280 in Chandigarh sixty sixty five year back he planned a city for 01:27:24.280 --> 01:27:29.360 half million chandigarh And right now the population of Chandigarh 01:27:29.360 --> 01:27:33.040 is two million and if you include the greater Chandigarh also 01:27:33.040 --> 01:27:37.440 the population almost four million and cities are still working. 01:27:37.440 --> 01:27:40.040 I mean it's, I mean it's not compared to Brazilian. 01:27:40.320 --> 01:27:43.800 So now my question to Frank is that you, I mean you're European 01:27:43.800 --> 01:27:48.440 planner, you've worked in Hanoi, I mean Asian context. 01:27:48.920 --> 01:27:51.800 So where do you see challenge about you know the all the planning 01:27:51.800 --> 01:27:55.760 principles works very perfect in you know, you know European 01:27:55.760 --> 01:27:56.280 context. 01:27:56.480 --> 01:27:59.880 But when it talks about numbers comparing about two million 01:27:59.880 --> 01:28:01.960 to twenty two million about the city. 01:28:02.200 --> 01:28:05.080 So where do you find challenge and what is your recommendation 01:28:05.080 --> 01:28:08.920 for you know these kind of a global south cities where the number 01:28:08.920 --> 01:28:10.240 are extremely high. 01:28:15.940 --> 01:28:17.020 Yes, thank you. 01:28:17.060 --> 01:28:19.580 Wow, not easy. 01:28:20.960 --> 01:28:22.000 That's so easy to answer. 01:28:22.960 --> 01:28:26.040 But yeah, there is, there is really difference, difference 01:28:26.040 --> 01:28:27.840 of of scales, It's true. 01:28:28.680 --> 01:28:33.000 I originally come from a country called Belgium, you know, and 01:28:33.160 --> 01:28:37.320 Belgium only has ten million inhabitants and the most urbanized 01:28:37.320 --> 01:28:42.880 part is the northern part, five million people, let's say a six 01:28:42.880 --> 01:28:43.200 million. 01:28:43.280 --> 01:28:44.200 It's a bit more. 01:28:45.040 --> 01:28:47.880 And then you still have like twenty different cities in that. 01:28:49.200 --> 01:28:52.960 So when you take a bit of distance, and I did that for many years, 01:28:52.960 --> 01:28:59.240 you look at this area, no Flanders basically as one city and the 01:28:59.240 --> 01:29:03.520 management of such an area should be done like a kind of metropolitan 01:29:03.520 --> 01:29:03.920 city. 01:29:04.480 --> 01:29:05.000 It's true. 01:29:05.400 --> 01:29:08.920 Yes, it's a bit of problem in, in Europe, this super fragmentation. 01:29:08.920 --> 01:29:12.160 On the other hand, the fact that we have so many cities with their 01:29:12.160 --> 01:29:15.720 own mayors and their own administrations gives us scores this 01:29:15.960 --> 01:29:20.600 this very particular diversity in in Europe. 01:29:20.800 --> 01:29:23.520 So you have to find a good balance. 01:29:23.760 --> 01:29:26.720 But it's true that on the long term, I think that many cities in 01:29:26.720 --> 01:29:32.720 Europe need to be managed in a slightly different way, with more 01:29:33.080 --> 01:29:38.280 coherence than one by one by one by one If you look at Tokyo, you 01:29:38.280 --> 01:29:43.800 know it's also a huge metropolitan area, but it's it's very well 01:29:43.800 --> 01:29:47.680 managed and it's well managed because it's very much based on 01:29:47.680 --> 01:29:52.320 people centered approach with a very strong cohesion at the 01:29:52.600 --> 01:29:53.480 neighborhood level. 01:29:53.680 --> 01:29:57.800 So it doesn't mean that these megalopolitan developments always 01:29:57.800 --> 01:30:03.760 have to be super top down and the unlivable, but they can also 01:30:03.760 --> 01:30:05.840 they also need to be managed bottom up. 01:30:06.880 --> 01:30:11.960 But yes, in Europe you might say there is this a tendency to over 01:30:11.960 --> 01:30:16.200 fragmentation and in other countries there is an an over tendency 01:30:16.200 --> 01:30:19.000 to over see concentration. 01:30:19.280 --> 01:30:22.400 You have to find somewhere the balance, but the governance, 01:30:22.680 --> 01:30:25.960 the urban governance systems need to be well adapted. 01:30:25.960 --> 01:30:27.920 And it's an interesting global discussion. 01:30:29.600 --> 01:30:30.760 Thank you very much for that. 01:30:34.040 --> 01:30:40.400 Elizabeth Brava. 01:30:40.640 --> 01:30:43.400 Thank you very much Elizabeth for sharing the session.